Sleep and Consciousness

Question 1

Consciousness

Answer 1

Awareness of self and environment

Question 2

Alertness

Answer 2

The highest level of consciousness; awake and aware of self and environment; you’re engaged, focus, and ready to code things into memory

Question 3

Daydreaming

Answer 3

More relaxed and not as focused or engaged

Question 4

Drowsiness

Answer 4

On the edge of sleepiness. Usually not focused or engaged and unable to code things into memory, are awake and aware

Question 5

Sleep

Answer 5

Unawake and not being aware of the environment; however, you are aware of your internal state

Question 6

Beta Waves

Answer 6

Brain waves associated with alertness, stress, and anxiety

Question 7

Alpha Waves

Answer 7

Brain waves associated with daydreaming, relaxation, and deep sleep

Question 8

Theta Waves

Answer 8

Brain waves associated with drowsiness and the onset of sleep

Question 9

Delta Waves

Answer 9

Brain waves associated with deep sleep or coma

Question 10

Non-Rapid Eye Movement Sleep

Answer 10

The stages of sleep that are not associated with rapid eye movement: N1, N2, and N3

Question 11

N1

Answer 11

The first stage of sleep, characterized by theta waves. A person is still aware of the environment and will awaken to a strong enough stimulus

Question 12

Hypnagonic hallucinations

Answer 12

Strange sensations of vision and sound that aren’t there; typical in N1

Question 13

Tetris Effect

Answer 13

An activity during the day affects the conscious or subconscious patterns of the brain; typical in N1 (you might see tetris blocks if you play tetris before sleeping)

Question 14

Hypnic Jerks

Answer 14

Muscle twitches with the sensation that you are falling; typical in N1

Question 15

N2

Answer 15

The second stage of sleep, also characterized by theta waves but harder to awaken

Question 16

Sleep Spindles

Answer 16

Rapid burts of activity; detected as brain waves in N2

Question 17

K-Complexes

Answer 17

Complexes that suppress cortisol arousal during N2 sleep; they also help with encoding information into long term meory during sleep

Question 18

N3

Answer 18

The third stage of sleep, characterized by delta waves. Nearly impossible to awaken

Question 19

REM sleep

Answer 19

Rapid Eye Movement sleep, also known as paradoxical sleep. All other muscles are paralyzed but the eyes are moving rapidly. Alpha and beta waves, with sleep spindles and k-complexes. Most dreaming occurs here

Question 20

Sleep cycle

Answer 20

The 90 minute cycle of sleep. N1 => N2 => N3 => N2 => REM and repeats. The length of each cycle changes as sleep gets longer (REM and N1 get longer)

Question 21

Circadian Rhythm

Answer 21

The internal clock of the body controlled by melatonin and affected by factors such as light and body temperature

Question 22

Melatonin

Answer 22

A hormone that controls the circadian rhythm released by the pineal gland

Question 23

Dreams

Answer 23

Visual and auditorial sensations during sleep, typical during REM sleep but can occur at any stage

Question 24

Memory Consolidation Theory of Sleep

Answer 24

We sleep to consolidate our memories, and this happens best while dreaming

Question 25

Evolutionary Biology Perspective of Sleep

Answer 25

We dream to simulate threats so we can be prepared for them when we wake up

Question 26

Sigmund Freud Theory of Sleep

Answer 26

Dreams are the unconscious desires and thoughts that need to be interpreted

Question 27

Manifest content

Answer 27

The actual content of the dream

Question 28

Latent content

Answer 28

The hidden meaning of the dream

Question 29

Activation Synthesis Hypothesis of Dreams

Answer 29

The brain gets a lot of neural input from the brainstem (activation) which is interpreted by the frontal cortex (synthesis). The brain is trying to find meaning from this random brain activity

Question 30

Sleep Deprivation

Answer 30

A sleep disorder resulting from not having enough sleep. Can lead to irritability, obesity, and poorer memory and attention

Question 31

Sleep Debt

Answer 31

Paying back REM sleep by sleeping more one night

Question 32

Insomnia

Answer 32

Chronic or persistent trouble falling asleep or staying asleep. More severe than sleep deprivation

Question 33

Narcolepsy

Answer 33

Inability to prevent one’s self from sleeping (absence of alertness neurotransmitter)

Question 34

Sleep Apnea

Answer 34

Cessation of breathing during sleep, so body wakes up to take breaths and then go back to sleep. Unconcsious process

Question 35

Sleepwalking/Sleeptalking

Answer 35

The activity of consciousness that occurs during N3 sleep

Question 36

Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Answer 36

Sleep Apnea that results from neck muscle/tissue blocking the airway

Question 37

Central Sleep Apnea

Answer 37

Sleep apnea without airway blockage, but the brain does not get enough oxygen

Question 38

Hypnotism

Answer 38

A form of induced state of consciousness where one is supposedly under the influence of another. Characterized by alpha waves

Question 39

Dissociation Theory of Hypnotism

Answer 39

Hypnotism is an extreme instance of divided consciousness

Question 40

Social Influence Theory of Hypnotism

Answer 40

People under hypnosis do and report what is expected of them

Question 41

Meditation

Answer 41

A self-induced state of consciousness that focuses on controlling one’s alertness and focus

Question 42

Deep meditation

Answer 42

A deeper form of meditation characterized by theta waves. It is usually done in the aim of reaching attention control