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Flashcards in Skeletal system Deck (51)
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1
Q

5 functions of bones?

A
Support
Protection
Movement
Storage
RBC production
2
Q

What is the axial skeleton? Name them.

A

Bones on or attached to midline of the body

Skull, vertebral column, sternum, ribs

3
Q

Vertebral regions..?

A

Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, Caudal

4
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton?

A

Bones of the front & hind limbs + pectoral & pelvic girdle

5
Q

Name the front (thoracic) limbs

A

Thoracic girdle, brachium, antebrachium, carpus, metacarpus, phalanges

6
Q

Name the hind (pelvic) limbs

A

Pelvic girdle, thigh, crus, tarsus, metatarsus, phalanges (digit)

7
Q

Define compact bone

A

hard layer covering most bones (covers most of shaft on long bones) - cortex

8
Q

Define cancellous bone

A

Spongy bone - composed of spicules forming porous network (inside long bone)

9
Q

Define medullary cavity

A

Space filled with marrow
Red marrow in young animals
Yellow (fatty) marrow as animal ages

10
Q

Define epiphysis

A

Either end of long bone (proximal/distal)

11
Q

Define diaphysis

A

Cylindrical shaft between two epiphyses (in long bone)

12
Q

Define metaphysis

A

In mature bone - flared area adjacent to epiphysis (widest part of bone)

13
Q

Define epiphyseal cartilage/disk/plate

A

Layer of hyaline cartilage separating epiphysis & diaphysis in immature bone

14
Q

Define articular

A

Relating to joints

15
Q

Define articular cartilage

A

Thin hyaline layer covering articular surface of bone - reduces friction

16
Q

Define periosteum

A

fibrous membrane covering surface of bone except where articular cartilage is

17
Q

Define endosteum

A

Tough, fibrous membrane lining marrow cavity & osteonal canals of bone

18
Q

What does compact bone surround?

A

Cortex surrounding marrow

19
Q

Bones can receive how much blood supply?

A

Up to 10% CO

20
Q

Nerves in bone do what?

A

Influence blood vessels & sensory

21
Q

Properties of osteocytes

A

Maintain protein & mineral content of matrix & involved in bone repair
Can not divide

22
Q

Properties of osteoblasts

A

Increase [calcium phosphate] -> Ca deposition -> bone growth

23
Q

Properties of osteoclasts

A

Breakdown of bone

Important in Ca & PO4 (phosphate) regulation

24
Q

Define endochondral

A

When bone replaces cartilaginous model (long bone)

25
Q

Define intramembranous

A

Develops in connective tissue without connective bone (flat bones of skull)

26
Q

Define ossification

A

Process of laying down new bone by osteoblasts

27
Q

Describe steps in bone growth & dev…

A
  1. Formation of collar around hyaline cartilage model
  2. Cavitation of hyaline cartilage
  3. Invasion of internal cavities by periosteal bud, blood vessels & spongy bone formation.
  4. Formation of medullary cavity. Appearance of secondary ossification centres in epiphyses
  5. Ossification of epiphyses. When complete -> hyaline cartilage remains only in epiphyseal plates, and articular cartilages.
28
Q

Role of epiphyseal plates?

A

promote longitudinal growth until young adulthood

29
Q

Describe long bone growth…

A
  1. Chondrocytes produce new cartilage in epiphyseal plate
  2. Epiphyseal plate widens -> bone lengthens
  3. Chondrocytes die
  4. Osteoblasts replace chondrocytes & lay down bone
  5. Epiphyseal plate closure (puberty, hormone-regulated, no further increase in length)
30
Q

Rate of bone growth determined by…?

A

Matrix prod.
hypertrophic chondrocytes enlargement
proliferative kinetics

31
Q

Hormones & growth factors involved in bone growth?

A

GH (somatotropin)
Sex hormones (oestrogen/testosterone)
Thyroxine
Bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs)

32
Q

Bone remodelling involves…?

A

organic & mineral continuously recycled & renewed
calcium homeostasis
constant diet source of Ca & PO4 (phosphate) salts
Hormones (calcitriol, calcitonin, PTH)

33
Q

3 major hormones involved with bone remodelling?

A
  1. Calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3)
  2. Calcitonin
  3. PTH
34
Q

Role of calcitriol?

A

kidneys -> Ca & PO4 absorption -> ++ blood [Ca]

35
Q

Role of calcitonin?

A

From thyroid -> kidney -> Ca & PO4 homeostasis -> decreases blood [Ca] by inhibiting osteoclast activity & excretion from kidney

36
Q

Role of PTH?

A

Ca & PO4 homeostasis -> stimulate osteoclast activity + increased absorption of Ca + decrease Ca excretion (kidney)

37
Q

Describe steps in bone fractures…?

A
  1. broken bone -> ruptured blood vessels -> haematoma
  2. New capillaries grow -> nutrition, growth factors, phagocytes. Connective tissue -> fibrocartilaginous callus formation
  3. More bone cells recruited to area -> spongy bone -> bony callus formation
  4. Remodelling of bony callus -> healed fracture
38
Q

Articular cartilage properties…?

A

formed at joints
no sensory nerves
no blood supply (nutrients by diffusion)

39
Q

Define fontanel…

A

soft connective tissue on infant skulls to aid in child birth

40
Q

Define sutures…?

A

immovable fibrous joints that connect cranium bones together

41
Q

Define synchondroses

A

immovable

42
Q

Define symphyses…?

A

fibrocartilage between bone

43
Q

Synovial joints contain…?

A

periosteum, ligament, joint cavity (synovial fluid), articular (hyaline) cartilage, fibrous capsule, synovial membrane

44
Q

Different types of synovial joints & one eg. of each…?

A
Gliding/Plane - vertebrocostal (hoolahoop action)
Hinge - elbow, knee
Pivot - atlas, axis
Ellipsoidal - radiocarpal
Saddle - 1st carpometacarpal (thumb)
Ball & socket - hip, shoulder
45
Q

Define circumduction

A

moving arm in loop

46
Q

Define pronation

A

turning dorsal palm up

47
Q

Define supination

A

turning palm up

48
Q

Ligaments & their role…?

A

Bone to bone

support synovial joints

49
Q

Name some joint problems & eg’s…?

A

Bursitis - inflamm. of synovial membrane sac
Dislocation/luxation - bone forced out of normal position
Sprain - Damage or tear to ligaments/tendons
Arthritis - inflamm. or degenerative disease damaging joints
Acute arthritis - bacterial invasion (treat with AB’s)

50
Q

Osteoarthritis…?

A

Degenerative condition in older animals

Spurs of bone develop

51
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis…?

A

chronic inflamm. disorder -> immune sys attempts to destroy joints