Sight (Vision)

Question 1

Conjunctiva

Answer 1

The first layer of the eye that light hits

Question 2

Cornea

Answer 2

Transparent thick sheet of tissue in the eye

Question 3

Anterior chamber

Answer 3

Space filled with aqueous humor that puts pressure to maintain the shape of the eyeball

Question 4

Pupil

Answer 4

The hole of the eye determined by the iris; determines eye color

Question 5

Lens

Answer 5

Bends the light so that it goes to the back of the eyeball

Question 6

Cilia Body

Answer 6

Secretes aqueous humor; consists of supersensory ligaments and ciliary muscle

Question 7

Posterior Chamber

Answer 7

Space behind the ciliary muscle that is filled with aqueous humor

Question 8

Vitreous Chamber

Answer 8

Filled with vitreous humor; provides pressure to the eyeball

Question 9

Retina

Answer 9

The back of the eyeball; filled with photoreceptors

Question 10

Photoreceptors

Answer 10

Specialized nerve cells located on the retina and capture light and convert it to neural impulses

Question 11

Macula

Answer 11

A special part of the retina that is filled with cones

Question 12

Fovea

Answer 12

A special part of the retina that is filled with rods; no cones. It is the center of the eyeball’s visual field.

Question 13

Choroid

Answer 13

The pigmented vascular layer of blood vessels in the eye between the retina and the sclera

Question 14

Sclera

Answer 14

The white of the eye that covers about 5/6th of the posterior eyeball. It is the attachment point for muscles

Question 15

Rods

Answer 15

Photoreceptors for night vision; capturing light turns it off and turns on a bipolar cell => turning on a retinal ganglion cell => optic nerve

Question 16

Cones

Answer 16

Photoreceptors for color vision; almost all of them are centered in the fovea. There are three types: red, green, and blue

Question 17

Phototransduction Cascade

Answer 17

The process that turns rods and cones off

(Light hits retinal, which changes shape and changes the shape of rhodospin/photopsin. This frees transducin which binds to phosphodiesterase which changes cGMP to GMP, activating sodium channels). This turns on bipolar cells

Question 18

Differences between rods and cones

Answer 18

1. 120M rods vs 6 million cones
2. Rods concentrated in fovea vs cones in the preiphery
3. Rods are 1000X more sensitive to light vs rods detect color
4. Rods have slow recovery time; cones are fast

Question 19

Blind Spot

Answer 19

Where the optic nerve connects to the retina – no rods or cones

Question 20

Visual Field Processing in the Brain

Answer 20

The right eye goes to the left side of the brain and vice versa

Question 21

Parallel Processing

Answer 21

Simultaneous Processing of incoming stimuli that differ in quality – color, motion, size, etc.

Question 22

Trichromatic Theory of Color Vision

Answer 22

We have three types of cones: red, green, and blue. Mixing them gives us the different colors we see

Question 23

Opponent Process Theory of Color Vision

Answer 23

There are two pairs of two opposing colors: red/green and blue/yellow. In a given cone, only one can dominate at a time

Question 24

Photopic vision

Answer 24

Vision under well-lit conditions

Question 25

Mesopic vision

Answer 25

Vision under moderate light (dawn or dusk). Relies on both rods and cones

Question 26

Scotopic vision

Answer 26

Vision under very low light

Question 27

Optic Chiasm

Answer 27

Where the optic nerves cross. This ensures that light hitting the nasal side of either eye is processed by the opposite side of the brain (temporal side of the eye does not have its input cross here)

Question 28

Feature Detection

Answer 28

When looking at an object, our brain breaks it down to color, form, and motion

Question 29

Parvocellular Pathway

Answer 29

Processing of spacial resolution (shape and boundaries) and color. Bad motion perception

Question 30

Mangocellular Pathway

Answer 30

High temporal resolution, can process motion

Question 31

Transmission

Answer 31

Electrical activation of one neuron by another

Question 32

Perception

Answer 32

Conscious sensory experience

Question 33

Processing

Answer 33

Neural transformation of multiple neural signals into perception

Question 34

Transduction

Answer 34

Transfer of energy from one form to another