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Flashcards in Short Answers Deck (24)
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1
Q

What are the three neuron types? Briefly describe including where each would be found.

A

Sensory Neuron

  • Carries impules to the CNS
  • All most all unipolar
  • Found in cell bodies of PNS

Motor Neuron

  • Carries impulses from CNS
  • Multipolar
  • Found in cell bodies of ganglionic cells

Interneuron

  • Lies between sensory and motor neurons
  • Shuttles signals through CNS
  • 99% of all body neurons
2
Q

What are the major differences between the somatic and autonomic divisions of the PNS?

A

Somatic

  • Effector- skeletal muscle
  • Pathway- cellbody are found in CNS
  • Neurotransmitters- ACh, stimulatory

Autonomic

  • Effector- glands, smooth, cardiac
  • Pathway- preganglionic and postganglionic
  • Neurotransmitter- pre releases ACh, post releases ACh and NE
3
Q

Name and describe the stages of sleep.

A

REM- Skeletal muscles are inhibited

nREM1- relaxation, EEG show alpha waves

nREM2- arousal difficult, irregular EGG w/sleep spindles

nREM3- sleep deepens, EEG shows theta and delta waves

nREM4- sleep walking, EEG is dominated by delta waves

4
Q

What are the six chemical classes of neurotransmitters? Give an example of each.

A

Actelycholrine (ACh)- ACh

Biogenic Amines- Indolamines

Amino Acids- Glutamates

Purines- ATP

Peptides- Substance P

Gases and Lipid- Gastransmitters, Endocannobinoids

5
Q

Name the parts of the diencephalon and the brain stem. Describe the function of three.

A

Epithalmus

  • Secretes melatoin to regulate sleep/wake cycle

Thalamus

  • Sorts, edits and relays ascending input; mediates sensation and memory

Hypothalamus

  • Regulates Homeostasis, controls ANS

Retina

  • Recieves light from lens and relay to the brain for visual interpretation
6
Q

What are the categories of nondeclarative memory? Give an example of each.

A

Precidural Memory- Counting or driving

Emotional Memory- Crying when something is sad

Motor Memory- Walking

7
Q

What is the blood-brain barrier and what purpose does it serve?

A

Made of high-density cells restrict passage of substances from the bloodstream, protects the brain.

8
Q

Name four cranial nerves and their function.

A
  • Olfactory- smell
  • Optic- Sight
  • Facial- facial expressions
  • Trochlear- eye movement
9
Q

Follow the pathway of sound as it travels through the ear.

A

Outer ear to the eardrum (tympanic membrane) causing it to vibrate, it then moves the ossicle (M.I.S.) in the middle ear where the vibrations then are pass through the oval window to fluid of the cochlea in the inner ear to stimulate tiny hair cells that transform the vibrations into electrical impulses that are precieved as sound.

10
Q

What are the five basic taste sensations?

A

Sweet- energy rich nutrients

Sour- typically tastes like acid

Salty- tastes of iron/ electrolyte regulate by modulating diet

Bitter- allows sensing diverse/ taste of alcholines

Umami- taste of amino acids

11
Q

Why does someone that drinks several alcoholic beverages need to urinate frequently?

A

Alcoholic is a diuretic so it acts on the kidney to make you pee much more than you took in, for every 1g of alcohol consumed urine excertion increases by 10mL.

12
Q

What happens in hyperinsulinism and how is it treated?

A

It is where the blood has an abnormal level of insulin, can cause a comatose state treated by IV of glucose, medication, or ingestion of glucose.

13
Q

What conditions result from hyposecretion and hypersecretion of growth hormones?

A

Hyposecretion- pituitary dwarfism and can cause a reduced sense of well being, increased fat, increased risk of heart disease and weak heart, muscles and bones

Hypersecretion- children (gigantism), adult (acrometaly)

14
Q

Describe what happens to someone with diabetes mellitus.

A

Their body attacks their pancreas damaging it to where it can’t produce insulin. They can become hungry, fatique, thirsty, frequently urine, blurry vision so they must take insulin injections.

15
Q

Why do red blood cells ony last around 120 days?

A

Lack a nucleus and are incapable of protein synthesis and growth and developement

16
Q

What happens to a red blood cell when it ‘dies?’

A

Engulfed by machrophages in spleen, hemoglobin broken down, iron savaged and transported to the bone marrow by proteins.

17
Q

Compare and contrast veins and arteries in regard to their structure and functions.

A

Arteries:

  • smaller lumen, no valves, thicker walls.
  • Carry blood away from heart
  • Carry oxygenated blood
  • Walls contract to move blood
  • All arteries except pulmonary arteries carry oxygenated blood

Veins:

  • Larger lumens, valves, thinner walls
  • Carries blood back to heart.
  • Valves and Skeletal muscles are used to keep it moving and prevent and prevent backflow
  • All veins except pulmonary veins carry deoxygenated blood
18
Q

Name and describe the five different classes of antibodies

A

IgD- monomer, surface of B-cells, acts as B-cell receptors

IgG- 75%-85% antibodies in plasma, placental barrier, breast milk

IgM- Pentamer- 1st anibody released, potent agglutinant agent

Ig A- Monomer, secondary, in mucus and other secretions

IgE- Monomer, active, allergies

19
Q

Difference between humoral and cellular immunity

A

Humoral- activation and clonal of effector B-cells

Cellular- activation and clonal of cytotoxic T-cells, finds infected cells and destroys them

20
Q

What is fever and why is it beneficial?

A

Fever is above normal body temperature outside of normal range, beneficial because it makes your body to hot for pathogens to live so it kills possible infections.

21
Q

What is the Valsalva Maneuver?

A

The Valsalva Maneuver is where you forcibly create abnormal pressure with a closed mouth and nose, babies do it when they poop.

22
Q

What are the differences in HDL and LDL? What do they do?

A

HDL- (good cholesterol)- absorbs cholesterol and takes it to the liver, lower risk of heart attack and stroke

LDL- (bad cholesterol)- most of the cholesterol in the body, high risk of heart attack and stroke

23
Q

What are sustentocytes and why are they important?

A
  • Large supporting cells called Sertoli cells
  • supplies nutrients to sperm
  • It produces chemical mediators to regulate spermatogenesis which makes it important to the creation of sperm.
24
Q

Describe the events of oogenesis

A
  • The production of female gametes begins in fetal period
  • Oogonia (2n ovarian stem cells) multiply by mitosis and store nutrients,
  • Primary oocytes develop in primordial follicles
  • Primary oocytes begin meiosis; stall in prophase I,
  • Each month after puberty, a few primary oocytes are activated
  • One is “selected” each month to resume meiosis I,
  • This result is two haploid cells of different sizes: Secondary oocyte arrests in metaphase II; ovulated ovum.
  • If not penetrated by sperm - deteriorates, If penetrated by sperm second oocyte completes meiosis II, yielding Ovum (functional gamete) and Second polar body