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WJEC A Level Biology > Sexual Reproduction in Humans > Flashcards

Sexual Reproduction in Humans Flashcards

1
Q

Function of the testes

A

Produce gametes and testosterone

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2
Q

Function of the epididymis

A

Sperm are stored there to mature and become fully mobile

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3
Q

Function of the vas deferens

A

Carries sperm to the penis

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4
Q

Function of the seminal vesicle

A

Secretes fluid to nourish the sperm and counter the acidity of the vagina

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5
Q

Function of the prostate gland

A

Secretes fluid containing zinc and is alkaline to counter the acidity of urine and the vagina

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6
Q

Function of the urethra

A

Carries semen and urine out of the body

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7
Q

Function of the ovary

A

Produces gametes and oestrogen and progesterone

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8
Q

Function of the fallopian tubes

A

Waft the secondary oocyte towards the uterus

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9
Q

Function of the uterus

A

Site of foetal development

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10
Q

Function of the endometrium

A

site of implantation of the blastocyst and placenta formation during pregnancy.

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11
Q

Function of the cervix

A

A narrow ring of connective tissue which separates the uterus from the outside world

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12
Q

Function of the vagina

A

Sperm travel from the vagina to the uterus

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13
Q

Where does spermatogenesis take place

A

In the seminiferous tubules

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14
Q

List the order of the gradually more developed male gametes

A 
Germinal epithelium
Spermatogonium
Primary spermatocyte
Secondary spermatocyte
spermatid
spermatozoa
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15
Q

Which cells provide nourishment to the spermatids

A

Sertoli cells

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16
Q

Describe the structure of a sperm cell

A

Acrosome head - contains enzyme for acrosome reaction
Microtubules - responsible for movement of tail, require large numbers of mitochondria
Tail - allows the cell to propel itself forward

17
Q

List the order of gradually more developed female gametes

A 
Germinal epithelium
Oogonium
Primary oocyte
Secondary oocyte
Ovum
18
Q

Describe the structure of a secondary oocyte

A

Central cell containing chromosomes suspended at anaphase II until fertilisation, surrounded by jelly-like zona pellucida and corona radiata

19
Q

What three reactions occur in fertilisation

A

Capacitation
Acrosome
Cortical

20
Q

Describe the capacitation reaction

A

increases the permeability of the cell membrane in the head of the sperm above the acrosome

21
Q

Describe the acrosome reaction

A

releases hydrolase enzymes which digest the zona pellucida.

22
Q

Describe the cortical reaction

A

Prevents polyspermy by fusing cortical granules with the cell membrane and modifying the zona pellucida

23
Q

What happens when the sperm and secondary oocyte fuse

A

genetic material of sperm cell enters the secondary

oocyte triggering completion of meiosis II and formation of ovum and second polar body.

24
Q

Describe implantation

A

Cleavage occurs and the cells multiply to form a blastocyst. The blastocyst moves to the uterus and implants in the endometrium. The cells around the blastocyst called trophoblast cells form trophoblastic villi which attach to the endometrium and form the placenta.

25
Q

Roles of the placenta

A

Exchange of waste a nutrients
Barrier between foetal and mothers blood
Secretion of hormones

26
Q

Function of amniotic fluid

A

shock absorber to protect the foetus from harm

27
Q

Role of oestrogen in menstrual cycle

A

Rebuilds endometrium
Increases LH production
Inhibits FSH production

28
Q

Role of progesterone in the menstrual cycle

A

Maintains endometrium

Inhibits LH and FSH

29
Q

Role of FSH

A

Stimulates formation of secondary follicles from primary follicles

30
Q

Role of LH

A

Stimulates ovulation

31
Q

How is HCG secreted

A

From the blastocyst until the placenta is formed

32
Q

What is the role of HCG

A

To maintain the corpus luteum for the first 16 weeks

33
Q

Why are progesterone and oestrogen secreted during pregnancy

A

To maintain the endometrium and prevent the maturation further follicles

34
Q

What is the function of oxytocin during childbirth

A

Causes the myometrium to contract to push the baby out

WJEC A Level Biology (16 decks)

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