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NBCE Part 1 > Set 14 Chemistry Cycles > Flashcards

Set 14 Chemistry Cycles Flashcards

1
Q

What does 1 turn of glycolysis make?

A

2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH

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2
Q

What stimulates glycolysis?

A

AMP and insulin

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3
Q

What inhibits glycolysis?

A

citrate, ketone bodies, free FAs, ATP, cAMP, and low pH

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4
Q

Where does glycolysis and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway occur?

A

cytosol

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5
Q

What are the substrates for gluconeogenesis?

A

lactate, glycerol, glucogenic AAs

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6
Q

What is the product of gluconeogenesis?

A

glucose

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7
Q

What stimulates gluconeogenesis?

A

cortisol, epinepherine, norepinepherine, ATP, and glucagon (slight)

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8
Q

What inhibits gluconeogenesis?

A

insulin, AMP, ADP, high blood glucose

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9
Q

Where does gluconeogenesis take place?

A

cytoplasm and mitochondria of the liver

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10
Q

What is the substrate for glycogenesis?

A

UDP-glucose (one pentose and one glucose)

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11
Q

What is the product of glycogenesis?

A

glycogen

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12
Q

What stimulates glycogenesis?

A

insulin

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13
Q

What inhibits glycogenesis?

A

glucagon and epinepherine (less of an effect)

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14
Q

Where do glycogenesis and glycogenolysis take place?

A

cytoplasm of the liver and muscle

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15
Q

What is the product of glycogenolysis?

A

glucose 1 phosphate

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16
Q

What stimulates glycogenolysis?

A

cortisol, epinepherine, norepinepherine, and glucagon

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17
Q

What inhibits glycogenolysis?

A

insulin

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18
Q

What is the substrate of lipogenesis?

A

excess glucose

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19
Q

What stimulates lipogenesis?

A

insulin, ATP

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20
Q

What inhibits lipogenesis?

A

epinepherine and glucagon

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21
Q

Where do lipogenesis, lipolysis, and cholesterol synthesis take place?

A

liver

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22
Q

What is the product of lipolysis?

A

ketone bodies

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23
Q

What stimulates lipolysis?

A

epinepherine, norepinepherine, glucagon, GH, and caffiene

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24
Q

What inhibits lipolysis?

A

insulin, FAs

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25
Q

What stimulates cholesterol synthesis?

A

NADPH

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26
Q

What inhibits cholesterol synthesis?

A

presence of cholesterol

27
Q

What is the product of the pentose phosphate pathway?

A

5-C sugar: ribulose-5-phosphate

28
Q

What stimulates the pentose phosphate pathway?

A

NADP, build new cells and fat

29
Q

What inhibits the pentose phosphate pathway?

A

NADPH, ribose, AMP, and ADP

30
Q

What is the opposite of insulin?(in regards to effect)

A

epinepherine and glucagon

31
Q

What is the pre-Kreb’s step?

A

Oxidative decarboxylation of Pyruvate -> acetyl CoA

32
Q

What does the pre-Kreb step require?

A

Thiamine pyrophosphate / FAD / CoA / Lipoic Acid / NAD (the five coenzymes love nutrition

33
Q

What are the products of the pre-Kreb step?

A

Acetyl CoA, NADH, and Co2

34
Q

What are the other names for the Kreb’s cycle?

A

citric acid cycle and tricarboxylic acid cycle

35
Q

Where does the Kreb’s cycle take place?

A

mitochondria

36
Q

Is Kreb’s aerobic or anaerobic?

A

aerobic

37
Q

What are the products for one turn of the Kreb’s cycle?

A

2 CO2, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 GTP/ATP

38
Q

How many total ATPs do we get from Kreb’s?

A

30

39
Q

How many total ATPs do we get from Glycerol-3-phosphate shunt?

A

4

40
Q

How many total ATPs do we get from glycolysis?

A

2

41
Q

How many total ATPs do we get?

A

36 (if not available, choose 38)

42
Q

What are the antioxidants?

A

ACE, selenium and zinc & chromium

43
Q

What is the function of antioxidants?

A

decrease free radicals, thus reducing cancer cell production

44
Q

What is the function of Vitamin E?

A

synergystic with selenium

45
Q

What is selenium a cofactor for?

A

glutathione perioxidase

46
Q

What do zinc and chromium help decrease?

A

oxidative stress with type II diabetes

47
Q

Where is lutein found?

A

green leafy veggies (good for your eyes)

48
Q

Where is lycopene found?

A

tomatoes, watermelons, and papayas

49
Q

What can interfere with the ETC?

A

cyanide poisoning and carbon monoxide

50
Q

Rice and wheat are missing which AA?

A

lysine

51
Q

Legumes are missing which AA?

A

methionine

52
Q

Corn is missing which AAs?

A

lysine and tryptophan

53
Q

What are enantiomers?

A

mirror images

54
Q

What are stereoisomers?

A

atoms in the same order, differ in precise orientation

55
Q

What are epimers?

A

sugar differing in configuration at a single asymmetric center

56
Q

How do we identify bile salts?

A

they end in cholic acid or cholate

57
Q

What does too much uric acid cause?

A

gout

58
Q

What is the isoelectric point

A

When the charge of AA or protein are neutral

59
Q

In glycolysis what is the allosteric enzyme?

A

Phosphofructokinase

In muscles its Hexokinase

60
Q

ETC is also known as what

A

Cytochrome series and respiratory chain

61
Q

What is the final electron acceptor in the ETC

A

Oxygen to form water

62
Q

Where is the ETC located

A

In the inner fold of the inner mitochondrial membrane

63
Q

How many ATPs come from NADPH and from FADH2

A

NADH -3

FADH2 -2

NBCE Part 1 (40 decks)

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