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Separate Science - Physics Paper 2 > Separate Physics - P6 Waves > Flashcards

Separate Physics - P6 Waves Flashcards

1
Q

What two types of wave are there?

A
  • Transverse
  • Longitudinal
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2
Q

Give an example of a longitudinal wave

A

Sound

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3
Q

Describe how longitudinal waves transfer energy.

A

Vibrations are parallel to energy transfer

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4
Q

Give an example of a transverse wave

A
  • All electromagnetic waves
  • A ripple on water
  • A wave on a string
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5
Q

Describe how transverse waves transfer energy.

A

Vibrations are perpendicular to energy transfer

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6
Q

Compare the sound of the two waves in the image in terms of loudness and pitch.

A
  • They have the same loudness.
  • Wave B has a higher pitch.
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7
Q

Name the properties of the wave labelled a) and b)

A

a) Wavelength
b) Amplitude

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8
Q

Name the two regions of a longitudinal wave labelled ‘C’ and ‘R’.

A

C = compression

R = rarefaction

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9
Q

What equation links wave speed, frequency and wavelength?

A

Wave speed = frequency x wavelength

V = 𝘧 λ

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10
Q

What are X-rays used for?

A

Medical imaging

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11
Q

What EM waves can our eyes detect?

A

Visible light

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12
Q

What are gamma rays used for?

A
  • Killing cancer cells
  • Sterilizing medical equipment
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13
Q

What does frequency mean?

A

The number of complete waves passing a certain point in a second (1 Hz is 1 wave per second)

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14
Q

What EM waves can have hazardous effects on human body?

A

Ultraviolet waves, X-rays and gamma rays

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15
Q

Which EM wave causes skin cancer?

A

Ultraviolet waves cause skin cancer

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16
Q

Write the electromagnetic spectrum in order from longest to shortest wavelength.

A
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17
Q

Compare the sound of the two waves in the image in terms of loudness and pitch.

A
  • They have the same pitch.
  • Wave B is quieter than Wave A.
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18
Q

Name the EM wave that communicates with satellites

A

Microwaves

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19
Q

What danger do X-rays and gamma rays pose?

A

Can cause cancer

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20
Q

What are microwaves used for?

A
  • Satellite communications
  • Cooking food
  • Mobile phone communication
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21
Q

What is visible light used for?

A

1) Communication using fibre optics
2) Anything that you need to see e.g.:

  • Charging lights on battery chargers
  • Traffic Lights
  • Lights on displays such as TV, phone, laptop
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22
Q

What are radio waves used for?

A

Television and radio

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23
Q

What are infrared waves used for?

A
  • Electrical heaters
  • Cooking food
  • Infrared cameras
  • TV remotes
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24
Q

What is ultraviolet used for?

A
  • Tanning beds
  • Detecting forged bank notes
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25
Q

What is the dashed line in a refraction diagram called?

A

Normal

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26
Q

What do you call the process whereby light bends as it enters a different medium?

A

Refraction

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27
Q

Higher Q. What can oscillations in electrical circuits cause?

A

Radio waves

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28
Q

Why does light bend as it moves from air into glass?

A

Glass is denser than air, so the light wave slows down.

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29
Q

Higher Q. How can radio waves themselves induce oscillations in an electrical circuit?

A

Radio waves can be absorbed, creating an alternating current with the same frequency as the radio wave itself.

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30
Q

Separate Q. What three things can happen to waves when they arrive at a boundary between two different materials?

A
  • Absorbed
  • Transmitted
  • Reflected
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31
Q

Separate Q. How would you design an experiment investigate how light is refracted through different materials (Required Practical).

A
  • Take a rectangular block of one material and place it on a piece of paper and trace around the block.
  • Using a ray box, shine a ray of light at the block.
  • Trace the incident and emergent rays.
  • Remove the block. Using a ruler and pencil, draw the refracted ray by joining the incident ray and emergent ray.
  • Draw a normal line perpendicular to the blocks surface at the point the incident ray meets. Measure the angle of incidence and angle of refraction.
  • Repeat with different material blocks. Keep the angle of incidence the same throughout.
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32
Q

Separate Q. How would you design an experiment investigate how light is reflected from different materials (Required Practical).

A
  • Draw a straight line on a piece of paper.
  • Place an object on this line.
  • Using a ray box, shine a ray of light at the object.
  • Trace the reflected ray of light.
  • Draw the normal line perpendicular to the surface at the point that the incident ray hits the object.
  • Use a protractor to measure the angle of incidence and angle of reflection.
  • Also, use a ruler to measure the width of the reflected ray.
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33
Q

Separate Q. Complete the diagram to show how the wave reflects at a surface.

A
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34
Q

Separate Q. What type of reflection is shown in the image?

A

Specular reflection

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35
Q

Separate Q. What type of reflection is shown in the image?

A

Diffuse reflection

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36
Q

Separate Q. What is the name given to the imaginary line that’s perpendicular at the point an incident ray meets a surface.

A

Normal Line

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37
Q

Separate Higher Q. What type of seismic waves are P-waves?

A

Longitudinal seismic waves

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38
Q

Separate Higher Q. What do sound waves, travelling through a solid, cause?

A

Vibrations within the solid

39
Q

Separate Higher Q. How do P-waves and S-waves provide evidence for the structure of the Earth?

A
  • P-waves travel through solids and liquids.
  • After an earthquake, P-waves can be detected on the other side of the Earth. There are gaps on the sides where P-waves don’t reach.
  • S-waves can’t travel through liquids (or gases).
  • After an earthquake, S-waves cannot be detected on the other side of the Earth.
  • This evidence provides evidence the outer core is liquid and the inner core is solid.
40
Q

Separate Higher Q. What type of seismic waves are S-waves?

A

Transverse seismic waves

41
Q

Separate Higher Q. Describe how the ear detects sound.

A
  • Sound waves cause the ear drum to vibrate.
  • These vibrations are passed on to the small bones in your inner ear.
  • The vibrations are passed onto the cochlea.
  • The cochlea turns the vibrations into electrical signals that travel to the brain via the auditory nerve.
42
Q

Describe how you would use a ripple tank to measure the speed of a water wave.

A
  • Set the frequency of the wave on the signal generator.
  • The dipper will oscillate and generate a wave at the set frequency.
  • Turn the strobe light on.
  • Take a picture of the wave fronts that appear on the screen.
  • Using a ruler, measure the wavelength of one wave (to increase accuracy, measure the length of 10 waves then divide by 10).
  • Use the equation: v=fλ to calculate the speed of the wave.
43
Q

Describe how you would measure the speed of a wave on the string?

A
  • Set the frequency of the wave on the signal generator.
  • Using a ruler, measure the wavelength of one wave (to increase accuracy, measure the length of 10 waves then divide by 10).
  • Use the equation: v=fλ to calculate the speed of the wave.
44
Q

Put the following surfaces in order of the amount of infrared radiation they emit (from most to least).

Shiny Black, Matt Black, Silver, White

A
  1. Matt black (most)
  2. Shiny black
  3. White
  4. Silver (least)
45
Q

Separate Higher Q. What is the reflection of sound called?

A

Echo

46
Q

Higher Q. Complete the diagram to show waves moving from a less dense to a more dense medium.

A
47
Q

Higher Q. Complete the diagram to show waves moving from a less dense to a more dense medium.

A
48
Q

Describe how you would investigate the amount of infrared radiation emitted by different surfaces using the equipment below.

A
  • Fill the Leslie’s cube with boiling water and place on a heat proof mat.
  • Measure 15 cm from the cube using a ruler and place an infrared detector there facing the cube.
  • Record the amount of infrared it detects.
  • Repeat for each side of the cube (which has different faces, e.g. silver, black matt, black shiny, white).
49
Q

Describe how the equipment can be used to measure the speed of sound

A
  • Connect a speaker to a signal generator and switch on to a set frequency (this gives your frequency, f)
  • Connect microphones to the oscilloscope so they each show a wave on the screen.
  • Place both microphones next to the oscilloscope.
  • Move one microscope away until the waves on the screen match each other.
  • Measure the distance between the microphones at this point – this is the wavelength, λ.
  • Use the equation: v=fλ to calculate the speed of the wave.
50
Q

Separate Higher Q. Why is the human hearing limited?

A

The structure of the ear limited the range of human hearing (e.g. the size and shape of the eardrum, the size of the small bones etc.).

51
Q

Separate Higher Q. What is the normal human hearing range?

A

20 Hz to 20 kHz

52
Q

Separate Higher Q. What do you call sound with a frequency higher than 20,000 Hz?

A

Ultrasound

53
Q

Separate Higher Q. Give three uses of ultrasound.

A
  • Medical imaging (e.g. unborn baby).
  • Industrial imaging (e.g. imaging of pipework that is not visible).
  • Echo sounding (navigation for boats and submarines).
54
Q

Separate Higher Q. What happens to the speed of sound as it enters a denser medium?

A

The speed of sound increases

55
Q

Separate Higher Q. How can sound waves be used to investigate the structure of objects that we cannot see?

A
  • We can send sound waves through the object.
  • The velocity, absorption, reflection and refraction of the sound waves can give us information on the structure of the object.
56
Q

Separate Higher Q. How do ultrasounds work?

A
  • Ultrasound waves are emitted from an electrical device.
  • When the ultrasound waves meet a boundary between two media, they are partially reflected.
  • A detector is used to record the echos of the ultrasound.
  • The time it takes for the ultrasound waves to travel back to the detector indicates the distance of the boundary from the detector.
57
Q

Separate Higher Q. What produces seismic waves?

A

Earthquakes

58
Q

Separate Q. Which seismic wave travels fastest?

A

P-waves

59
Q

Separate Q. Which type of lens can produce real or virtual images?

A

Convex lenses

60
Q

Separate Q. Describe how a convex lens forms an image.

A

Parallel rays of light are refracted and are brought to focus at the principal focus.

61
Q

Separate Q. What is the focal length?

A

The distance from the lens to the principal focus

62
Q

Separate Q. What type of lens can only produce virtual images?

A

Concave lens

63
Q

Separate Q. What type of lens is represented by the image below?

A

Concave lens

64
Q

Separate Q. Complete the lens diagram for a convex lens. Show the focal length on the diagram.

A
65
Q

Separate Q. Complete the lens diagram for a concave lens. Show the focal length on the diagram.

A
66
Q

Separate Q. What type of lens is represented by the image below?

A

Convex lens

67
Q

Separate Q. What is specular reflection?

A

Reflection from a smooth surface in a single direction

68
Q

Separate Q. What colour ball would you see if you were viewing a red ball through a blue filter.

A

Black

69
Q

Separate Q. What colour ball would you see if you were viewing a green ball through a green filter.

A

Green

70
Q

Separate Q. What colour ball would you see if you were viewing a white ball through a red filter.

A

Red

71
Q

Separate Q. What colour ball would you see if you were viewing a white ball through a red filter then a green filter

A

Black

72
Q

Separate Q. What colour ball would you see if you were viewing a magenta ball through a red filter

A

Red

73
Q

Separate Q. What colour would an object be if it reflected all wavelengths of light equally?

A

White

74
Q

Separate Q. What is diffuse reflection?

A

Reflection from a rough surface, causing scattering

75
Q

Separate Q. Describe how a red dress appears to be red.

A

The red dress absorbs all other wavelengths of light except red which it reflects.

76
Q

Separate Q. What colour would an object be if it absorbed all wavelengths of light?

A

Black

77
Q

Separate Q. Complete the ray diagram to show the image formed through the lens.

A
78
Q

Separate Q. Name the two types of objects that can transmit light.

A
  • Transparent objects
  • Translucent objects
79
Q

Separate Q. What’s the relationship between the temperature of an object and the intensity of radiation emitted?

A

As the temperature of the object increases, the intensity of radiation emitted increases.

80
Q

Separate Q. What object is the best possible emitter?

A

A perfect black body

81
Q

Separate Higher Q. In terms of radiation, how does an object increase in temperature?

A

The object absorbs radiation faster than it emits radiation.

82
Q

Separate Q. What do all bodies (objects) absorb and emit?

A

Infrared radiation

83
Q

Separate Q. What is a perfect black body?

A

An object that absorbs all of the radiation that hits it (none is reflected or transmitted).

84
Q

Separate Higher Q. In terms of radiation, how does an object remain at constant temperature?

A

The object absorbs radiation at the same rate as it emits it.

85
Q

Separate Higher Q. In terms of radiation, what causes a change in temperature, in a local area on Earth, as it changes from day into night?

A
  • The temperature of a particular area will decrease from day into night.
  • The temperature decrease means more energy is being emitted from Earth than is being absorbed.
86
Q

Separate Q. What type of lenses are used in magnifying glasses?

A

Convex Lenses

87
Q

Separate Q. What are the three primary colours of light?

A

Blue, Green and Red

88
Q

Separate Q. What primary colours of light are mixed to form the following secondary colours?

a) Magenta
b) Cyan
c) Yellow

A

a) Blue and red
b) Green and Blue
c) Green and Red

89
Q

Separate Q. Describe how an object can be green and transparent.

A
  • Green wavelengths are reflected by the object.
  • All other wavelengths of light are transmitted.
90
Q

Separate Q. Complete the ray diagram to show the image formed through the lens.

A
91
Q

Separate Q. Complete the ray diagram to show the image formed through the lens.

A
92
Q

Separate Q. Complete the ray diagram to show the image formed through the lens.

A
93
Q

Separate Q. Complete the ray diagram to show the image formed through the lens.

A

Separate Science - Physics Paper 2 (4 decks)

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