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MCAT Psych/Sociology > Self Identity and Group Identity > Flashcards

Self Identity and Group Identity Flashcards

1
Q

self concept vs self consciousness

A

sum of an individual’s knowledge and understand of themself

awareness of one’s self

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2
Q

self schema

A

beliefs that person has about themself

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3
Q

2 types of identity

personal vs social

A

personal: own’s sense of personal attributes
social: social definitions of who you are

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4
Q

self reference effect

A

tendency to better remember information relevant to us

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5
Q

carl rogers and incongruity

A

believed we have ideal self and real self and when they don’t match up we feel incongruity

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6
Q

self efficacy

A

belief in one’s competence

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7
Q

internal vs external locus of control

A

perceives outcomes are controlled ourself vs outside force

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8
Q

learned helplessness

A

after enduring a situation out of control, you continue the practice of not believing you can change the outcome in future situations

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9
Q

Charles Cooley and looking glass self

A

person’s sense of self develops from interpersonal interactions with others in society

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10
Q

George Herbert Mead and social behaviorism, stages

A

mind and self emerge through the process of communicating with others
copy each other as children, role play when older, become able to serve multiple roles, and then learn generalized other, behavior of normal human

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11
Q

symbolic interactionism

A

social interaction brings about meaning to things

Individuals act on the premise of a shared understanding of meaning within their social context

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12
Q

I vs me

A

me is social self, I is real self

I is able to evaluate

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13
Q

norms followed by ______ behavior which is reinforced every day by ______

A

normative behavior, sanctions

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14
Q

formal vs informal norms

A

laws vs understood

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15
Q

mores vs folkways vs taboo

A

mores: very important for benefit of society and is strictly enforced
folkways: less important norms that shape everyday behavior
taboo: customs forbid

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16
Q

anomie

A

social condition where individuals are not provided firm guidelines and there is minimal moral guidance

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17
Q

non normative vs deviance

A

non normative behavior: challenges shared values and threaten social structure
deviance: actions that violate the dominant social norms

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18
Q

Edwin Sutherland’s differential association

A

deviance is learned behavior resulting from interactions between individuals and their communities
people are most influenced by their close personal friends

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19
Q

Howard Becker’s labeling theory

A

deviance is result of society’s response to a person rather than person’s inherent actions

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20
Q

self fulfilling prophecy

A

individual exhibits deviant behaviors to fulfill expectations associated with specific ascribed labels

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21
Q

agents of social control

A

usually those in power able to define difference in deviant and nondeviant, perhaps through legislation

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22
Q

Robert Merton’s structural strain theory

A

deviance is result of experienced strain, either individual or structural

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23
Q

collective behavior

A

does not reflect existing social structure but are spontaneous situations where individuals engage in actions that otherwise violate social norms

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24
Q

Herbert Blumer 4 main forms of collective behavior

A

crowds: group that shares a purpose
publics: group of individuals discussing a single issue
masses: group whose formation is prompted through efforts of mass media
social movements: collective behavior with intention of promoting change, active vs expressive

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25
Q

fad vs mass hysteria

A

fad: rapid increase and subsequent decrease in something

mass hysteria: collective delusion of some threat that spreads through emotion and escalates out of control

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26
Q

moral panic

A

specific form of panic as a result of perceived threat to social order

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27
Q

riots

A

crowd behavior with no specific end, sudden onset civil disorder

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28
Q

6 agents of socialization

A 
family
school
peer groups
workplalce
religion/government
mass media/technology
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29
Q

assimilation vs amalgamation

A

assimilation: individual forsakes aspects of own culture to adopt new
amalgamation: majority and minority combine to form new group

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30
Q

multiculturalism

A

each cultural tradition has equal standing

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31
Q

Kohlberg’s stages of moral development

A

level 1: morality judged by direct consequence to self
stage 1: obedience and punishment
sage 2: self interest
level 2: morality judged comparing to society
stage 3: interpersonal accord and conformity
stage 4: authority and social order maintaining
level 3: morality judged by internal ethics
stage 5: social contract orientation
stage 6: universal ethical principles

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32
Q

attribution theory, dispositional vs situational

A

attribute behaviors to internal or external causes

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33
Q

what determines whether we attribute behavior to internal or external causes

A

consistency (always mad or just now), distinctiveness (angry at everyone or just you), consensus (one person mad or everyone mad)

34
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

mis-decide the reason for something (situation or the person)

35
Q

actor-observer bias

A

blame our actions on situation and blame the action of others on their personality

36
Q

self serving bias

A

attribute success to ourself and failure to others

37
Q

optimism bias

A

belief that bad things happen to other people but not us

38
Q

just world phenomenon

A

believe that world is fair and people get what they deserve

39
Q

halo effect

A

people have inherently good or bad natures rather than looking at individual characteristics

40
Q

physical attractiveness stereotype

A

people tend to rate attractive individuals more favorably for personality traits

41
Q

social perception

A

understanding of others in social world

42
Q

social cognition

A

ability of brain to process information regarding social perception

43
Q

false consensus

A

assume everyone else agrees with us

44
Q

projection bias

A

assume other have same belief as we do

45
Q

prejudice vs discrimination

A

prejudice you don’t act, discrimination you act

46
Q

illusory correlation

A

fake connection between group of people and perceived characteristic

47
Q

self fulfilling prophecy

A

stereotypes lead to behaviors that affirm original stereotype

48
Q

stereotype threat

A

self fulfilling feat that one will be evaluated based on negative stereotype

49
Q

ethnocentrism

A

when different cultures interact, we judge by standards of own culture
particular group is superior

50
Q

cultural relativism

A

no superior group exists, encourages mindset of being unbiased to all kinds of groups

51
Q

aggregate

A

people who exist in same space but do not interact or share a common identity

52
Q

Max Weber’s 5 facets of an ideal bureaucracy

A

covers fixed area of activity, hierarchically organized, workers have expert training in specialty, organization rank is impersonal no favoritism, workers follow set procedures for productivity

53
Q

rationalization

A

process by which tasks are broken down into component parts for efficiency

54
Q

iron law of oligarchy

A

revolutionary organizations inevitable become less so with organizational structure and development

55
Q

social facilitation effect

A

people tend to perform better on simple tasks when others are present due to arousal - not harder tasks

56
Q

deindividuation

A

high degree of arousal, low sense of responsibility, mob mentality, lose restraint and identity with group mentality

57
Q

solomon asch testing group pressure

A

planted confederates and discovered conformity/tendency to agree with group consensus

58
Q

3 ways that behavior may be motivated by social influences

A

compliance (desire to seek reward or avoid punishment), identification (desire to be like someone), internalization (values of society)

59
Q

normative vs informational social influence

A

conform to be liked vs comply because we want to be right and others know something i don’t

60
Q

what factors influence conformity

A

group size, unanimity, cohesion, status, accountability, no prior commitment

61
Q

master status

A

most prominent title of someone

62
Q

ascribed status

A

assigned to person by society

63
Q

role conflict

A

conflict in society’s expectations of multiple statuses held by the same person

64
Q

role strain

A

single role results in conflicting expectations

65
Q

role exit

A

disengaging from role that was close to one’s identity

66
Q

utilitarian organizations

A

members paid for effort

67
Q

normative organization

A

membership based on morally relevant goall

68
Q

coercive organization

A

members have no choice in joining

69
Q

self handicapping

A

people create excuses to avoid self blame when they do poorly

70
Q

dramaturgical perspective, front stage and back stage

A

we imagine ourselves as playing certain roles when interacting
front stage is way we come across, back stage is when we’re ourselves

71
Q

frustration aggression principlle

A

when someone is blocked from achieving a goal, frustration can become aggression

72
Q

inclusive fitness of organism depends on

A

of offspring, how it supports offspring, how offspring support others

73
Q

evolutionary game theory

A

used to predict larg systems such as overall behavior of population

74
Q

impression management

A

expressing parts of self depending on person receiving interaction

75
Q

social loafing theory

A

people in groups exert less effort when not held individually accountable

76
Q

hangover identity

A

occurs with role someone has in for a long time

77
Q

structural functionalist

A

purpose of individual structures is to contribute to stability of whole society

78
Q

conflict theorist

A

power differentials and social inequality contribute to social order

79
Q

John Kelley’s 3 sources of information people use to analyze covariance (cause of behavior)

A

consistency (react same way every time?)
consensus (everyone react this way or just one?)
distinction (react to this specific thing or to everything)

80
Q

mere exposure effect

A

individuals develop positive attitudes towards something with more frequent exposure

81
Q

availability heuristic

A

we make choices based on information that is most available in our minds

82
Q

group polarization vs groupthink

A

group polarization start like minded and become extremely polarized together
groupthink start different but similar and reach consensus

MCAT Psych/Sociology (5 decks)

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