Seizures - Thomas

Question 1

Glutamate is (excitatory OR inhibitory)?

Answer 1

Excitatory

Question 2

GABA is (excitatory OR inhibitory)?

Answer 2

Inhibitory

Question 3

Glutamate has 2 types of receptors: _______ and ________.

Answer 3

NMDA and AMPA

Question 4

Which type of glutamate receptors (NMDA or AMPA) allows sodium and calcium in, and potassium out?

Answer 4

NMDA receptor

Question 5

Which type of glutamate receptor (NMDA or AMPA) only allows sodium in, NOT calcium.

Answer 5

AMPA

Question 6

Which type of glutamate receptor (NMDA or AMPA) has magnesium that must be displaced from the middle before it can be activated?

Answer 6

NMDA

Question 7

Which type of glutamate receptor (NMDA or AMPA) must have a glycine bound for in order for the glutamate to be active?

Answer 7

NMDA

Question 8

This drug works at the NMDA receptor by binding to and blocking the glycine site.

Answer 8

Felbamate

Question 9

Why do seizures occur?

Answer 9

Increase in excitatory tone

Decrease in inhibitory tone

Question 10

True or false: lamotrigine inhibits glutamate release at both the NMDA and AMPA receptors.

Answer 10

True

Question 11

________ works at the AMPA receptor by binding to the glutamate site.

Answer 11

Topiramate

Question 12

What kind of ion flows through the GABA channel once GABA binds?

Answer 12

Chloride

Question 13

On the GABAa receptor, there is a GABA binding site, barbiturate binding site, and ______ binding site.

Answer 13

Benzodiazepines binding site

Question 14

______ binds to the barbiturates site on the GABA receptor, which facilitates chloride conductance, so more chloride flows in, further hyperpolarizing the cell.

Answer 14

Phenobarbital

Question 15

Diazepam binds to the _______ site on the GABA receptor.

Answer 15

Benzodiazepine

Question 16

Taigabine works by _______.

Answer 16

Preventing reuptake of GABA

Question 17

_________ prevents reuptake of GABA via GABA transporter GAT-1.

Answer 17

Tiagabine

Question 18

How does vigabatrin work?

Answer 18

By inhibiting GABA-T so GABA can’t be broken down

Question 19

__________ works by inhibiting GABA-T and SSD.

Answer 19

Valproate

Question 20

_______ promotes presynaptic release of GABA.

Answer 20

Gabapentin

Question 21

These 4 drugs work by prolonging the refractory period of voltage gated sodium channels.

Answer 21

Carbamazepine
Oxcarbamazepine
Phenytoin
Zonisamide

Question 22

Drugs that work at t-type calcium channels are designed to treat absence seizures. The 2 that we should know are _____ and ______.

Answer 22

Ethosuximide and valproate

Question 23

Which of the following accurately describes how phenobarbital exerts its anti-seizure effects?
A. It inhibits glutamate release
B. It binds to the AMPA receptor, inhibiting influx of sodium
C. It binds to the NMDA receptor, inhibiting influx of potassium
D. It binds to the barbiturate site of GABAa receptor, promoting chloride entry into the cell.
E. It binds to the benzodiazepine site of GABAa receptor, promoting chloride entry into the cell.

Answer 23

D. It binds to the barbiturate site of GABAa receptor, promoting chloride entry into the cell.

Question 24

Which of the following mechanisms accurately describes how tiagabine exerts its anti-seizure activity?
A. It binds to the bento site of GABAa receptor, promoting chloride entry into the cell
B. It binds to the barbiturate site of the GABAa receptor promoting chloride entry into the cell
C. It inhibits GABA transaminase
D. It inhibits GABA reuptake into presynaptic cells
E. It inhibits succinct semialdehyde dehydrogenase

Answer 24

D. It inhibits GABA reuptake into presynaptic cells

Question 25

Which of the following mechanisms accurately describes the manner by which ethosuximide exerts its anti-seizure effects?
A. It enhances chloride current through GABAa receptors
B. It inhibits sodium influx
C. It inhibits glutamate interaction with AMPA receptors
D. It inhibits glutamate interaction with NMDA receptors
E. It reduces current through T-type calcium channels

Answer 25

E. It reduces current through T-type calcium channels