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Gross II Unit 3 > Scrotum > Flashcards

Scrotum Flashcards

1
Q

What is the scrotum?

A

Outpouching of the anterior abdominal wall

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2
Q

How does the scrotum maintain a temperature below body temperature?

A

By radiating heat by its thin skin and lack of fat

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3
Q

What three things does the scrotum contain?

A

Testes, epididymis, lower part of the spermatic cord

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4
Q

What is the function of the dartos (smooth) muscle?

A

Autonomic control of temperature regulation

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5
Q

The dartos muscle derives from what layer of the anterior abdominal wall?

A

Subcutaneous tissue, superficial and deep fascia

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6
Q

The tunica vaginalis is a derivation of what layer of the anterior abdominal wall?

A

Peritoneum

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7
Q

Which layer of the tunica vaginalis is superficial and lies internal to the internal spermatic fascia?

A

Parietal layer

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8
Q

Which layer of the tunica vaginalis is deep and is firmly adherent to the testis and epididymis?

A

Visceral layer

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9
Q

What is a hydrocele?

A

Accumulation of fluid in the tunica vaginalis cavity

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10
Q

The testis have what two types of functioning?

A

Gametogenic and endocrine

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11
Q

What are the two specific functions of the testes?

A

Production of spermatozoa and secretion of androgens

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12
Q

What is the fibrous outer covering of the testis called?

A

Tunica albuginea

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13
Q

Where is the tunica albuginea located?

A

Deep to the visceral layer of the tunica vaginalis which is the deepest layer of the scrotum

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14
Q

What are the numerous wedge shaped portions of the testis called?

A

Lobules

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15
Q

What is the fibrous compartment in the posterior part of the testis where the septa converge?

A

Mediastinum testis

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16
Q

What are the seminiferous tubules?

A

Functional, sperm producing portion of the testis

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17
Q

Each lobule contains about how many seminiferous tubules?

A

2-3

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18
Q

What is the rete testis?

A

An elaborate network of canals located within the mediastinum testis into which the straight tubules empty

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19
Q

What are the efferent ductules?

A

Ducts which connect the rete testis to the head of the epididymis

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20
Q

What is the epididymis?

A

A C-shaped structured attached to the superior and posterior aspect of the testis

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21
Q

What is the function of the epididymis?

A

To store sperm until they mature

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22
Q

What part of the epididymis is connected to the superior surface of the testis by the efferent ductules?

A

Head

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23
Q

What part of the epididymis is located along the posterior surface of the testis?

A

Body

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24
Q

What part of the epididymis ends in the ductus deferens?

A

Tail

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25
Q

Where is the first place that testicular cancer spreads?

A

Abdomen

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26
Q

Where does lymph from the testis drain?

A

Into the lumbar nodes

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27
Q

Where does lymph from the scrotum drain?

A

Into the superficial inguinal nodes

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28
Q

Where do the testes originally develop?

A

In the lumbar region inside the abdominal cavity

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29
Q

When do the testes usually descend through the inguinal canal into the scrotum?

A

Just before birth

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30
Q

What is the name of the ligament present in the fetus which connects the testis to the scrotum?

A

Gubernaculum testis

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31
Q

What is the function of the gubernaculum testis?

A

Contracts to pull the testis downward and through the inguinal canal during its descent

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32
Q

What is cryptorchidism?

A

The absence of one or both testes from the scrotum at birth due to lack of descent from the abdomen

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33
Q

The testes are undescended at birth in what percent of full term infants?

A

3%

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34
Q

The testes are undescended at birth in what percent of premature infants?

A

30%

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35
Q

What is the link between undescended testes and cancer?

A

Greater risk of cancer

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36
Q

Is cryptorchidism typically bilateral or unilateral?

A

Unilateral

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37
Q

Where are undescended testes most commonly found?

A

In the inguinal canal

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38
Q

When do most initially undescended testes finally make their descent?

A

In the first weeks or months after birth

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39
Q

What are the results of testes that never descend?

A

Infertility (but unimpaired androgen secretion)

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40
Q

What is the treatment for cryptorchidism?

A

Testosterone

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41
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A

Smooth membrane which lines the abdominal cavity

42
Q

Which part of the peritoneum lines the abdominal walls?

A

Parietal peritoneum

43
Q

Which part of the peritoneum covers the abdominal organs?

A

Visceral peritoneum

44
Q

What is the peritoneal cavity?

A

A potential space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum

45
Q

What should be the only thing found in the peritoneal cavity?

A

Small film of serous fluid

46
Q

In which gender is the peritoneal cavity a completely closed sac?

A

Male

47
Q

What structure in females allows communication between the peritoneal cavity and the exterior?

A

Uterine tubes

48
Q

Infections of the vagina can spread to the peritoneal cavity via what route?

A

Uterine tubes

49
Q

How can potency of the uterine tubes be tested?

A

Dye is introduced into the uterus and usually enters the uterine tubes then the peritoneal cavity. If it does not, there is an obstruction.

50
Q

What are the functions of the peritoneum?

A

Minimize friction between organs, resist infection, fat storage

51
Q

Retroperitoneal organs are covered by peritoneum only on what surface?

A

Anterior

52
Q

What is ascites?

A

Accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity

53
Q

What are examples of retroperitoneal structures?

A

Aorta, inferior vena cava, kidney

54
Q

What are examples of partially retroperitoneal structures?

A

Duodenum, pancreas

55
Q

When ascites is present, there is an imbalance of what two things?

A

Absorption and fluid production

56
Q

In a healthy person, the peritoneum has what characteristic in regards to fluid?

A

Highly absorbent

57
Q

The peritoneal cavity is used for what two medical procedures/situations?

A

Rabies vaccine, kidney dialysis

58
Q

What are the causes of ascites?

A

Malnutrition, congestive heart failure, liver failure, kidney failure, peritonitis

59
Q

What is peritonitis?

A

Inflammation of the peritoneum, usually from infection

60
Q

What are the cases of peritonitis?

A

Trauma, inflammatory bowl disease (ruptured appendix), vaginal infections, perforated ulcers

61
Q

What usually occurs with peritonitis?

A

Adhesions between the parietal and visceral peritoneum

62
Q

What can also cause adhesions between the layers of the peritoneum and lead to bowl obstruction?

A

Abdominal surgery

63
Q

What is the innervation of the parietal layer of the peritoneum?

A

Phrenic, intercostal, subcostal, iliohypogastric, and ilioinguinal nerves

64
Q

Which layer of the peritoneum is very sensitive to pain?

A

Parietal layer

65
Q

Which layer of the peritoneum is insensitive to pain?

A

Visceral layer

66
Q

What is the innervation of the visceral layer of the peritoneum?

A

Autonomic nerves which travel within the organs it invests

67
Q

What is an omentum?

A

Broad, apron-like reflection of peritoneum

68
Q

The greater omentum hangs from which part of the stomach?

A

Greater curvature

69
Q

The greater omentum reflects posteriorly to attach to what structures?

A

Transverse colon and transverse mesocolon

70
Q

The gastrophrenic ligament is between what structures?

A

Greater curvature of the stomach and diaphragm

71
Q

The gastrosphenic ligament is between what structures?

A

Greater curvature of the stomach and spleen

72
Q

The gastrocolic ligament is between what structures?

A

Greater curvature of the stomach and transverse colon

73
Q

What is the largest part of the greater omentum?

A

Gastrocolic ligament

74
Q

What are the three parts of the greater omentum?

A

Gastrophrenic, gastrosplenic, and gastrocolic ligaments

75
Q

What nickname does the greater omentum have and why?

A

“Abdominal policeman” because it is mobile and adheres to areas of inflammation by wrapping itself around inflamed organs preventing the spread of infection

76
Q

The lesser omentum is a double layer of peritoneum that extends from what structures?

A

Porta hepatis of the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach and the beginning of the duodenum

77
Q

What are the two parts of the lesser omentum?

A

Hepatogastric ligament and hepatoduodenal ligament

78
Q

The hepatogastric ligament is between what structures?

A

Liver and the lesser curvature of the stomach

79
Q

The hepatoduodenal ligament is between what structures?

A

Liver and the duodenum

80
Q

Which segments of the small intestine are mobile and therefore most likely involved in inguinal hernia?

A

Jejunum and ileum

81
Q

What is the general meaning of mesentery?

A

Any double layer of peritoneum which connects a portion of intestine to the body wall

82
Q

What is the specific meaning of mesentery?

A

The double layer of peritoneum which connects the jejunum and ileum to the body wall (AKA mesentery proper)

83
Q

What does the transverse mesocolon do?

A

Connects the transverse colon to the posterior body wall

84
Q

What does the sigmoid mesocolon do?

A

Connects the sigmoid colon to the pelvic wall

85
Q

What does the mess appendix do?

A

Connects the appendix to the mesentery of the ileum

86
Q

Which ligament suspends the left colic flexure in a superior position?

A

Phrenicocolic ligament

87
Q

What does the phrenicocolic attach?

A

Left colic flexure to the diaphragm, below the spleen

88
Q

What is the omental bursa (lesser sac)

A

Irregularly shaped space which lies posterior to the liver, lesser omentum, and stomach

89
Q

What is the greater sac?

A

Space extending from the diaphragm to the pelvic floor and across the entire breadth of the abdominal cavity

90
Q

What subdivision of the greater sac is located below the diaphragm and above the liver, to the right of the falciform ligament?

A

Right subphrenic space (recess)

91
Q

What subdivision of the greater sac is located below the diaphragm and above the liver, to the left of the falciform ligament?

A

Left subphrenic space (recess)

92
Q

What subdivision of the greater sac is between the liver and the transverse colon?

A

Subhepatic space (recess)

93
Q

What is the posterosuperior extension of the sub hepatic space between the liver and right kidney?

A

Hepatorenal recess

94
Q

What subdivision of the greater sac is a longitudinal depression lateral to the ascending colon?

A

Right paracolic gutter

95
Q

What subdivision of the greater sac is a longitudinal depression lateral to the descending colon?

A

Left paracolic gutter

96
Q

Why are the subdivisions of the greater sac important?

A

They channel and compartmentalize peritoneal fluid and infectious processes

97
Q

What is another name for the omental foramen?

A

Epiploic foramen

98
Q

What is the superior boundary of the omental foramen?

A

Liver

99
Q

What is the inferior boundary of the omental foramen?

A

First part of the duodenum

100
Q

What is the anterior boundary of the omental foramen?

A

Free edge of the lesser omentum

101
Q

What is the posterior boundary of the omental foramen?

A

Peritoneum covering the inferior vena cava

102
Q

What structures pass through the porta hepatis and are surrounded by the lesser omentum?

A

Bile duct (to the right), hepatic artery proper (to the left), and the portal vein (behind)

Gross II Unit 3 (8 decks)

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