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Social Studies and Science > Science - volcanoes, earthquakes > Flashcards

Science - volcanoes, earthquakes Flashcards

1
Q

epicenter

A

point of Earth’s surface directely above an earthquake’s focus

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2
Q

focus

A

in an earthquake, the point beneath Earth’s surface where energy release occurs

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3
Q

magnitude

A

measure of the energy released by an earthquake

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4
Q

mantle

A

largest layer inside Earth, lying directly above the outer core and that is made mostly of silicon, oxygen, magnesium, and iron

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5
Q

outer core

A

liquid core that surrounds Earth’s solid inner core, and that is made mostly of iron

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6
Q

primary waves

A

waves that travel outward from an Earthquake’s focus and cause particles in rocks to move back and forth in the same direction the wave is moving

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7
Q

reverse fault

A

break in rock due to compression forces, where rocks above the fault surface move upward and over the rocks below the fault surface

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8
Q

secondary waves

A

waves that travel outward from an earthquke’s focus and move through Earth by causing particles in rocks to vibrate at right angles to the direction of the wave

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9
Q

seismic waves

A

energy waves that are produced at and travel outward from the earthquake’s focus

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10
Q

seismograph

A

device used by seimologists to record primary, secondary, suface waves from earthquakes

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11
Q

seismologist

A

scientist who studiesearthquakes and seismic waves

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12
Q

strike-slip fault

A

break in rock due to shearing forces, where rocks on either side of the fault suface move past each other with little upward or downward movement

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13
Q

athenosphere

A

plastic-like layer below the lithosphere

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14
Q

continental drift

A

hypothesis proposed by Alfred Wegener that the states that continents have moved slowly to their current locations on Earth

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15
Q

convection current

A

cycle of heating, rising, cooling, and sinking that is thought to be the force behind plate tectioncs

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16
Q

lithosphere

A

rigid, outermost layer of Earth that is about 100km thick, and is composed of the crust and part of the upper mantle

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17
Q

pangaea

A

single large landmass made up of all the continents connected together that broke apart 200 million years ago

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18
Q

plate

A

surface along which rocks break and move

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19
Q

plate tectonics

A

theory that Earth’s crust and upper mantle are broken into sections that move around on a plastic-like layer of the mantle

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20
Q

seafloor spreading

A

theory that magma from below Earth’s crust is forced upward toward the surface at a mid-ocean ridge, flows from the cracks as the seafloor spreads apart and bcomes solid as it cools, forming new seafloor

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21
Q

surface waves

A

waves of energy that reach Earth’s surface during an earthquake, travel outward from the epicenter, and move rock particles up and down, and side to side

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22
Q

tsunami

A

powerful seismic sea wave that can travel thousands of kilometers in all directions and that begins over an earthquake focus

23
Q

batholith

A

largest intrusive igneous rock bodies that form when magma cools underground before reaching Earth’s surface

24
Q

caldera

A

large opening formed when the top of a volcano collapes

25
Q

cinder cone volcano

A

steep-sided volcano made of loosely packed tephra

26
Q

composite volcano

A

a volacano formed by alternating layers of tephra and lava and that is found mostly where Earth’s plates come together

27
Q

crater

A

steep-walled depression around a volcano’s vent

28
Q

dike

A

intrusive igneous rock body formed when magma is squeezed into a vertical crack that cuts across rock layers and hardens

29
Q

hot spot

A

location in the mantle that is hotter than any other areas and that melts rock, which is forced up toward the crust as magma

30
Q

shield volcano

A

a broad volcano with gently sloping sides

31
Q

sill

A

intrusive igneous rock body formed when magma is squeezed into a horizontal crack that cuts across rock layers and hardens

32
Q

volcanic neck

A

solid, igneous core of a volcano left behind when a volacno stops erupting

33
Q

vent

A

an opening on Earth’s surface where magma is forced up and flows out as lava

34
Q

volcano

A

opening in Earth’s surface that often forms a mountain when layers of lava and volcanic ash erupt and build up

35
Q

earthquake

A

vibrations caused by breaking rocks along faults

36
Q

fault

A

surface along which rocks break and move

37
Q

tephra

A

bits of rock or solified lava dropped from the air

38
Q

fossils

A

remains or traces of a once living organism reserved by rock

39
Q

pertified remains

A

fossils that form when some or all of the original materials that made up the organisms are replaced with minerals

40
Q

carbonaceous film

A

fossil formed when the remains of a once living organism are subjected to heat and pressure, leaving only a thin film of carbon behind

41
Q

mold

A

fossil formed when an organism is buried, decays, and leaves behind a hollow place in rock

42
Q

cast

A

fossil formed when sediments fill in a mold and harden into rock

43
Q

index fossil

A

fossil of a species that existed on Earth for only a short time, were abundant, and were widespread geographically

44
Q

principle of superposition

A

states that for undisturbed layers of rock, older rocks lie underneath younger and younger rocks

45
Q

relative dating

A

method to determine the order of events and relative age of rocks by examining the position of rocks in a sequence

46
Q

unconformity

A

gaps in the rock layers due to erosion, nondeposition, or both

47
Q

absolute dating

A

process that uses the properties of atoms in rocks and other objects to determine their exact ages, in years

48
Q

radioactive decay

A

release of nuclear particles and energy from unstable atomic nuclei

49
Q

half-life

A

time needed for one half-life the mass of a sample of a radioactive isotope to decay

50
Q

uniformitarianism

A

states that Earth processes happening today are similar to those that happened in the past

51
Q

radioactive dating

A

process to determine the absolute ages of rocks by measuring the amounts of parent and daughter materials in a rock

52
Q

fault

A

fracture that occurs where rocks break which results in movement of opposing sides

53
Q
A

Social Studies and Science (18 decks)

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