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Flashcards in science sociology Deck (35)
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1
Q

mode I and mode II science

A

gibbons 1994

mode I;

  • academic science
  • pure science
  • disciplinaritiy
  • homogeneity
  • traditional quality controls (peer review)
  • autotonmy

mode 2:

  • context of Application
  • transdisciplinainiry
  • heterogeneity
  • reflexibity and accountability
  • novel quality control
2
Q

critiques of mode i and mode ii

A
  • scientist have always been interdisciplinary
  • is it accruate
  • are authors advocates or prescriptors
3
Q

post academic science

A

ziman; the universitiy-industry-government complex i

4
Q

merton and functionliasm

A

science is a social instition that functions in society

- scientific autonomy by an ethos that legitimizes/describes scientific knowledge

5
Q

matthew effect

A

reward system where people keep winning (disproportionate credit distribution)

6
Q

becoming a scientist (merton)

A

learn facts and scientific method

professionalization

socialization (norms and behaviour)

7
Q

communication systems of science

A

impersonal communication
peer review
citations

8
Q

reward system science

A

gift giving; symbolic rather than financial (naming)

nobel; rewards individiuals

breakthrough; rewards teams

9
Q

mertons norms

A

communism
universalism
disinteredness
organised sceptivism

10
Q

counter norms

A

secrecy
individualism
interedness
dogmatism

11
Q

martin rees 2010

A

science is self correction; scientists are their own critics

12
Q

aim of norms

A

describe or prescribe science?

- provide normative and moral structures to scientific instition

13
Q

durkheim on deviance

A

deviance is relative; strength of norms by reaction when broken

14
Q

fraud and scientists stats

A

33.6% admit questionable reserach practices

15
Q

climate gate

A

2009; leaked emails of UEA climate reserach unit right before Copenhagen CO2 emissions meeting;
scientist admit to ‘tricking temperature data’
- shows naked/truth of science

16
Q

grundmann 2012

A

climate gate; no bad practie there

17
Q

daniel sarawitz 2009 on climate gate

A

climategate releaant as exposes myth of pure science; its a human process

18
Q

mitroff 1974

A

counter norms; nasa moon apollo scientists study

  • storybook image of science
  • committment and bias are good
19
Q

mulkay and deviance 1973

A

norms are professioanl ideology used to justify science using ‘vocabulary of justification’

  • morals are relative
  • norms not descriptives but resources to justify actions
20
Q

‘worlds in collission’ velikovskv 1950

A
  • says biblical catastrophes caused by jupiter chunk crashing to earth
  • scientist judge man and not science
21
Q

discovery of pulsars 1967

A

cambridge group accused by comeptitors of being unfarily secretive/unopen;

  • delayed publication and didnt publish enough data
  • justified themseves usign norms as resources
22
Q

ziman and post cademic sceicne

A

indistrual science has different norms than academic science
(PLACE: property, local, authority, command, expert)
norms are an ethos and not ethics
science is indivdiual and collective
norms best in democratic societies

23
Q

rosalind franklin

A
  • data was used by watson

- all acdemic sceicne deserves communication and acknowledge= was corrected in retrospect

24
Q

ziman on norms and academic sceicne

A
  • individiaulze internalize and refer to norms when circumstances apply; are functionalist and not structuralis
  • science is self regulating; to succeed must follow norms
  • science affected by external forces and always changing as multiple interpretations of objective truth
25
Q

merton; where dont the norms apply

A

norms not applicable in commercial or military

norms are useful ideals and act as suggestions

application of norms; depends on other political/social/cultural institions where science occurs;

hence best in ‘free plural open societies’

26
Q

woo suk hwang

A

2004; fraud in south korea; south korean stem cell reseracher + scientific malpractice in SEOUL NATIONAL univesrity

27
Q

david cyranowski

A

2004; despite fraud, in SK fraud not illegal

  • Hwang stayed in science but in different career (animal instead of human cloning)
  • national
  • norms both contradict all the time
28
Q

kuhn

A

science governed by paradigms

- violating norms means violating the established truths at the time

29
Q

structuralism

A

overaching instittions make up society

30
Q

popper

A

science found in state of subjectivism

31
Q

mitroff on a scientist

A

‘objective emotional distintered scientist only taen seciously by non scientists’

32
Q

mead and mertraux

A

high school students in US depict scientsit as intelligent; open minded and moral
hence norms attributed by public to scientist

33
Q

panofsky 20120

A
norms are mutually reinforcing 
norms and autonomy changes over time
e.g. aryan scientists 
different contexts= different ethos
assumptions of science has changed (not fixed structures and different in global/local settings)
34
Q

behavioural genetics

A

eugenics, criminiality and mental illeness; a DEVIANT SCIENTIFIC FIELD; hence norms are disgreaged as past cultural constroversy and critique; less commitemnt to organized sceptivism

35
Q

genetic diseases

A

interaction with public; sampling and donors needed; hence ownership and control is questionined in science