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Anat 1082 Multiple Choice Revision > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the lungs?

A
  • Ventilation
  • O2 intake and CO2 output
  • Water loss
  • Heat removal
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2
Q

Function of the upper airway?

A
  • Provide passage for air to pass to body
  • Warm and moisten air prior to entering lungs
  • Filter out particles, via cilia, coughing or swallowing
  • Directs, air, fluid and food to the correct organs
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3
Q

Functions of Trachea

A

Rigid walls made of hyaline cartilage

Lined with ciliates mucosa to expel foreign bodies

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4
Q

5 Facts about the lungs?

A

Base rests on diaphragm
Each lung is divided into lobes by fissures
Left has 2 lobes right has 3 lobes
Covered by a lining called visceral pleura
Contain pleural fluid allowing lungs to glide over the thorax wall

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5
Q

What are bronchioles?

A

Primary Bronchi is sub divided not bronchioles
They terminate at the alveoli (air sacs)
The terminal bronchioles lead to respiratory zone structures

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6
Q

What are alveoli composed of?

A

A single layer of squamous epithelial cells

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7
Q

‘What is the air blood barrier’ ?

A

Alveoli are covered in cobwebs of pulmonary capillaries
Air is flowing past one side and blood flowing passed the other
Gas’s exchange occurs by simple diffusion through the respiratory membrane
Area for gas exchange is approx 40x greater then the surface of the skin

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8
Q

What happens to your resp rate when you are acidotic ?

A

Your resp rate increases

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9
Q

Associated structures with the respiratory system?

A

Chemoreceptors for O2 and CO2
Afferent nerve to the brain from :- intercostal muscles and diaphragm
Medulla oblongata
Efferent nerve to the :- rib cage, intercostal muscles and diaphragm

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10
Q

What happens during inspiration?

A
  • Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract
  • Dome shaped diaphragm contracts + flattens increasing the height of the thorax cavity
  • Contraction of the external intercostal muscles lift the rib cage up and sternum forward, increasing the anterior - posterior dimension of the thorax
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11
Q

What happens during expiration?

A

Inspiratory muscles relax, rib cage descends and lungs re coil
- Gases flow out

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12
Q

Chemical control of the respiratory system?

A
  • Blood gas’s composition monitored by chemoreceptors, that respond to changes in CO2 and O2
  • Chemoreceptors are found in the carotid body and aortic body (peripheral receptors)
  • Changes in CO2 levels trigger impulses to the respiratory centre of their brain.
  • This triggers phrenic and intercostal nerves and increases the rate in order to lower CO2
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13
Q

What are the three volumes of the lungs?

A

Tidal volume = 500 mls (air moved into and out of the lungs with each breath)
Residual volume= 1200mls ( air left in lungs after expiration)
Dead space volume= 150mls (air that remains in the conducting zone)

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14
Q

Altered physiology

What happens when the CO2 and lactic acid level rise?

A

High levels of CO2 can cause the lactic acid levels to rise (the blood pH falls making it more acidic)

  • Chemoreceptors in the carotid body detect the rise in CO2 and Lactic acid
  • This stimulates the respiratory centre in the Medulla oblongata
  • Diaphragm and intercostal muscles respond
  • The resp rate increases
  • The excretion of of CO2 causes the blood pH to back to neutral 7.35-7.45
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15
Q

Signs and symptoms of respiratory distress

A
  • Tachypnoea (rapid breathing)
  • Use of accessory muscles
  • Cyanosis
  • Air hunger
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16
Q

How do you make an assessment of a respiratory system?

A
  • History of resp disease ( in self or family)
  • Physical examination ( wheeze, cough, rate and rhythm of breathing)
  • Inspection (intercostal and accessory muscles)
  • Palpation
  • Percussion (tapping on the chest)
  • Auscultation
  • Spirometry
  • X- ray
  • Bronchoscopy
  • Lung function test
  • Assessment of sputum ( colour, odour, amount, consistency, abnormalities, frequency)
17
Q

7 functions of the lungs 🫁… GO

A
  • Breath in o2
  • Breath out CO2
  • Influence blood🩸 pH balance
  • Defence properties
  • Heat regulation
  • Communications
18
Q

4 adaptations of the lungs 🫁 …. GO

A
  • Concentration gradients
  • Very large surface area
  • Thin membrane
  • Very good blood 🩸 supply
19
Q

Respiratory failure has 2 types: types I and type II.

Please explain Type I

A

Is categorised as either the arterial O2 being below 8 KPA and the CO2 being less then 6 KPA

20
Q

Respiratory failure has 2 types: types I and type II.

Please explain Type II

A

Is categorised as the arterial O2 concentrations below 8 KPA and the arterial CO2 is above 6 KPA

21
Q

3 ways CO2 is carried to the lungs… GO

A

7% dissolves in plasma
23% combines with Globin to form Carbinohaemoglobin
70% combines with water 💧 making carbonic acid

22
Q

What happens to the carbonic acid when it combines with ‘Carbonic Anhydrase ‘ ( this is an enzyme)
Water (H2O) + Carbon dioxide (CO2) = H2CO3

A

In the presence of carbonic anhydrase it splits up forming hydrogen (H) and bicarbonate (CO3)
This then travels via the blood to the alveoli
At the alveoli the hydrogen (H) and bicarbonate (CO3) combine forming H 2CO3
It then breaks up forming H2O 💧and CO2 and it is breathed out

23
Q

What happens to the blood 🩸 pH when there is and increased in CO2?

A

The blood pH decreases becoming more acidic

24
Q

When we measure for blood 🩸 pH we measure the amount of …….?

A

Hydrogen ions in the blood 🩸

25
Q

4 Factors that affect the blood 🩸 pH levels….GO

A
  • CO2
  • Renal system
  • Buffer system
  • Cell activity
26
Q

How are the blood 🩸 pH levels controlled?

A
  • Falling pH caused by high hydrogen levels
  • Chemoreceptors constantly measure the pH levels.
  • When pH falls the Chemoreceptors sends signals to the medulla oblongata
  • Medulla oblongata controllers the resp rate
  • Medulla oblongata sends signals to the phrenic and respiratory nerves
  • Stimulation of these nerves cause the resp rate to increase and to breath out more CO2 (which is an acid)
  • Causing the pH to rise within normal parameters
27
Q

3 THINGS IN MEGA PRINCIPLE 1

A
  • Decreased bloodstream pH will lead to increased resp rate
  • Acidosis causes sub optimal organ function
  • Respiratory rate increases in asthma due to acidosis

Anat 1082 Multiple Choice Revision (20 decks)

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