selective beta-2 receptor agonists action
works specifically with beta-2 receptors in the bronchi causing bronchodilation
selective beta-2 receptor agonists side effects (2)
- increased blood pressure and heart rate
- decreased GI/renal blood flow
Albuterol
- trade: Proventil
- a selective beta-2 receptor agonist; bronchodilator
sympathomimetics action
mimics effects of the sympathetic nervous system → bronchodilation, increased rate and depth of respiration
sympathomimetics side effects (4)
- palpitations, tachycardia, dysthymia, hypertension (caution in cardiac patients)
- dizziness
- nervousness
- tremors
nonselective beta-adrenergic agonists action
- relaxes smooth muscle of bronchi
- does not specifically work on either beta-1 or -2; works on both
nonselective beta-adrenergic agonists side effects (6)
- nervousness
- tremors
- restlessness
- flushing
- headache
- severe cardiac side effects - tachycardia, palpitations, hypertension
types of bronchodilators (3)
- selective beta-2 receptor agonists
- sympathomimetics
- nonselective beta-adrenergic agonists
antihistamines action
- competes with histamine for receptor sites → prevents histamine/inflammatory response
- reduces nasopharyngeal secretions, itching, sneezing
antihistamines use (3)
- treats acute and allergic rhinitis
- antitussive
- also: pre-medication prior to blood transfusion; to block allergic reactions
antihistamines contraindications
- severe liver disease
- narrow-angle glaucoma - dilates pupils, makes worse
- urinary retention
first-generation antihistamines side effects (9)
- drowsiness
- dry mouth
- dizziness
- blurred vision
- wheezing
- photosensitivity
- urinary retention
- constipation, GI distress
- blood dyscrasias
first-generation antihistamines interactions
- alcohol - increases CNS depression
- avoid use of MAOIs
Diphenhydramine
- trade: Benadryl
- first-generation antihistamine
Loratadine
- trade: Claritin
- second-generation antihistamine
second-generation antihistamines
- non-sedating
- fewer anticholinergic symptoms
intranasal glucocorticoids action
anti-inflammatory effect
intranasal glucocorticoids use
- allergic rhinitis
- may be used alone or with antihistamine
intranasal glucocorticoids administration
- nasal spray (topical)
- not absorbed into bloodstream - low side effect profile
intranasal glucocorticoids side effects
- nasal mucosa dryness (cracks, bloody noses)
- systemic effects are rare
antihistamines in the elderly causes:
increased risk for side effects + decreased BP and cofusion
alpha-1 agonist causes:
vasoconstriction, increased contractility of heart, dilation of pupils (mydriasis)
alpha-2 agonist causes:
reduced norepinephrine: decreased BP, increased blood glucose (inhibits insulin)
beta-1 agonist causes:
increased heart rate and blood pressure, increased renin
beta-2 agonist causes:
bronchodilation, increased glucose (increases glucagon/glycogenolysis)