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Flashcards in Respiratory Deck (34)
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1
Q

What is pneumoconiosis?

A

Pulomonary Fibrotic Disease secondary to Particular inhalation.

2
Q

What is acute interstitial pneumonia?

A

Inflammatory disease within the alveolar walls, not in the alveolar space.
Normally Viral
Can occur with chicken pox

3
Q

What is lymphangitis Carcinomatosa?

A

When Lung Ca has spread into the lymph. The lymph and veins around teh bronchioles are “stuffed” with cancer cells.
You get the impression of Pulmonary Fibrosis, therefore an important differential.

4
Q

Important Questions to ask in a Hx of someone you expect to have Pulmonary Fibrosis?

A
Dysponea, dry cough?
B symptoms 
Symptoms of reflux
Dysphagia (sclerosis)
Joint Pain (RA)
Neurological (sarcoid)
occular (sarcoid)
medical Hx
occupational Hx
smoking Hx.
5
Q

What is the difference between Emphysema and Honey Comb Lung?

A

Both are the dilation of airspaces w/ destruction of alveoli.
But Emphysema is w/out pulmonary fibrosis

6
Q

What is Asbestos and how does it lead to Pulmonary Fibrosis?

A

A silicate
Have 2 different types of fibres:
1) serpentine (curved) fibres, relatively safe
2) Amphibole (straight fibres), highly dangerous

Fibres are too long for phagocytosis, therefore they are surrounded by macrophages, which constantly leak inflammatory markers. Therefore you get a constant low grade inflammatory process which leads to PF.

7
Q

What are pleural plaques?

A

Benign condition related to asbestos exposure
They are patches of pleura (normally parietal) that thicken and calcify over time.
Small and in the mid-section
On chest X-ray= Holly Like

8
Q

What is Benign Asbestos Pleural Effusion?

A

Exudate pleural effusion , maybe blood stained

uncommon diagnosis >25yrs since exposure

9
Q

What is diffuse pleural thickening?

A

Usually effects the visceral pleura
oftens follows benign asbestos pleural effusion.
if it involves the costophrenic angles= restrictive lung disease.
CT shows smooth uniform pleural thickening
Highly likely to get biopsy for mesothelioma.

10
Q

What is asbestosis?

A

Interstitial fibrosis caused by asbestos dust.
Chronic and Heavy exposure
rarely occurs <20years post exposure
On autopsy you would expect to find asbestos particles within the lung parenchyma= typically beaded and amber in colour, coated in Iron.

11
Q

What are mesotheliomas?

A

Malignant Neoplasms arising from serosal surfaces.
Universally fatal
Related to asbestos exposure
No safe level of exposure
PC: SOB, chest pain and constitutional symptoms
Important differential for UNILATERAL pleural effusion.

12
Q

What is sarcoidosis?

A

Systemic Disease characterised by noncaseating granulomas
Has an unknown cause
Often a diagnosis of exclusion
21% present with respiratory illness though 40-50% is an incidental finding on CXR. Without treatment will progress to pulmonary fibrosis
16% present with Erythema Nodosum.

13
Q

What is Extrinsic Allergic Alveolitis/Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis?

A

It is a pneumonitis caused by an antibody and cellular response to an antigen

Mononuclear infiltration and non-caseatint granulomas and Giant Cells are seen in Histology.

Sub divided into Acute, sub-acute and Chronic/

14
Q

What is acute extrinsic allergic alveolitis?

A

Develop Fever, Malaise and SOB 4-8hrs post a large antigen exposure.
Resolves in 48hrs
eg. Farmer exposed to mouldy hay.

15
Q

What is chronic extrinsic allergic alveolitis?

A

Insidious w/ dyspnoea and fibrosis
more common w/ long term low grade exposure
eg. budgie pet owner

16
Q

What is sub-acute extrinsic allergic alveolitis?

A

progressive dysponia and alveolar symptoms

eg. pigeon fanciers lung.

17
Q

What is bronchiolitis?

A

Viral infection of the respiratory epithelial cells of the small airways leading to necrosis, inflammation, oedema and mucus secretion

18
Q

What is the most common causative organism of bronchiolitis?

A

Respiratory Syncytial Virus

19
Q

Who does bronchiolitis effect?

A

Infants under <2

Peak incidence 3-6months

20
Q

What are the symptoms of bronchiolitis?

A

Cough, tachypnoea, wheezing, increased WOB, low grade fever, coryzal prodromal phase, uncommon= apnoea
Day 4-5 are the worst

21
Q

What is syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion?

A

Rare complication of bronchiolitis
Become fluid overloaded and hyponatremic
Therefore fit as get cerebral oedema.,

22
Q

How do you assess respiratory effort in Children?

A
Effort= RR, Recession, Noise (Wheeze, Stridour, Grunting(
Efficacy= O2 sats (94%), Auscultation
Effect= HR, Cap Refill, BP, colour, AVPU
23
Q

Signs of Moderate Acute Asthma attack?

ADULT

A

Increase in Symptoms

Peak Flow >50-75% of best or predicted

24
Q

Signs of Severe Acute Asthma Attack?

ADULT

A
1 of the following:
Peak Flow 33-55% best or predicted 
Respiratory Rate =/>25min
HR =/>110 min
Inability to complete full sentences in one breath
25
Q

Signs of a life-threatening acute asthma attack?

ADULT

A

Severe asthma attack+ 1 of the following

Peak Flow <33%
SpO2 <92%
PaO2 <8kPa
PaCO2 4.6-60 kPa
Silent Chest
cyanosis
poor respiratory effort
arrhythmias 
exhaustion
altered concious level
Hypotension
26
Q

What is Epiglottitis?

A

An acute infection of the larynx
the epiglottis swells and secretions pool compromising the airway
Causes stridor
Medical emergency- EUA w/intubation
HiB most common cause ( decreasing since vaccine, though group A Beta haemolytic strep is increasing)
on X-ray get thumb-print sign

27
Q

What is croup?

A

Stridor
75% viral- parainfluenza
bacterial- diptheria

28
Q

What is a pancoast tumour?

A

Typically a NSCC, commonly squamous cell tumour found in the lung apices
PC= often pain in scapula, brachial plexus injury and Horner’s syndrome

29
Q

What is horners syndrome?

A

Ipsilateral flushing and anhydrosis, constricted pupil and dropping eyelid

30
Q

What is a small cell carcinoma?

A

15% of all Lung Ca
malignant epithelial tumour arsing from cells in the LRT
small, densly packed, scant cytoplasm and finely granular nucleur chromatin.
Highly associated with smoking
tends to be central lung and mediastinal involvement.
aggressive
often 2/3 distant mets at diagnosis

31
Q

What does spirometry look like in pure restrictive disease?

A

All volumes and capacities are reduced.

32
Q

What does a vitalograph look like in pure restrictive disease?

A

FVC and FEV1 are reduced

therefore FEV1/FVC are equal or increased.

33
Q

what does a spirometery graph look like in obstructive disease?

A

volumes and capacity are unchanged but flow rate to achieve this is reduced.

34
Q

what does a vitalograph look like in obstructive disease?

A

FVC remains the same

FEV1 is reduced