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Flashcards in respiration,digestion,metabolism Deck (61)
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1
Q

Into what region of the pharynx do auditory tubes open?

A

Nasopharynx

2
Q

Phagocytic cells of the alveolus are the

A

alveolar macrophages.

3
Q

Which is not correct about the left lung?

A

It has an esophageal depression.

4
Q

Activation of sympathetic nerves that innervate lung tissue results in

A

bronchodilation.

5
Q

During expiration, relaxation of the diaphragm and external intercostals

A

increases the pressure in the thoracic cavity.

6
Q

An air passage (valley) beneath a turbinate within the nasal cavity is referred to as a

A

meatus.

7
Q

Where would you find the trachealis muscle?

A

Between the esophagus and the trachea

8
Q

Which statement is true regarding the location of the trachea?

A

It lies anterior to the esophagus, inferior to the larynx, and superior to the primary bronchi of the lungs.

9
Q

How long is the average trachea?

A

12–14 cm

10
Q

The main function of serous fluid is to

A

friction between pleural membranes around the lung.

11
Q

Which bone does not contain a paranasal sinus?

A

Mandible

12
Q

Terminal bronchioles of the lower respiratory system are lined with

A

simple cuboidal epithelium.

13
Q

Foreign particles that are not filtered out by the respiratory epithelium are

A

collected by lymph nodes.

14
Q

Which statement is true regarding secondary bronchi?

A

The left lung has two secondary bronchi and the right lung has three secondary bronchi.

15
Q

The region of the nasal cavity immediately internal to the nostrils is the _________; it contains coarse guard hairs.

A

vestibule

16
Q

These muscles increase thoracic cavity dimensions by elevating the first and second ribs during forced inhalation.

A

Scalenes

17
Q

Maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV) is the greatest amount of air that can be

A

inspired and then expelled in 1 minute

18
Q

What changes in the blood levels of respiratory gases result from hyperventilation?

A

Oxygen levels do not change but carbon dioxide levels fall.

19
Q

Food is normally prevented from entering the nasopharynx by the

A

elevation of the soft palate.

20
Q

What connects the pharynx to the trachea?

A

Larynx

21
Q

At rest, a normal person breathes about _____ times per minute.

A

12

22
Q

The hilum of the lung

A

is an indented area through which the bronchi, pulmonary vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves pass.

23
Q

In addition to oxygen, hemoglobin also transports

A

carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions.

24
Q

These muscles extend from a superior rib inferomedially to the adjacent inferior rib. They elevate the ribs upon contraction, thereby increasing the transverse dimensions of the thoracic cavity during inhalation.

A

External intercostals

25
Q

The amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal inspiration is the

A

inspiratory reserve volume.

26
Q

Which is not part of the conducting portion of the respiratory system?

A

Alveoli

27
Q

What type of tissue lines the trachea?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

28
Q

Tracheal cartilages provide for _______ on the ________ aspect of the trachea.

A

rigidity; anterior

29
Q

Mucin _______ the viscosity of mucus, facilitating the ______ of dust and dirt particles.

A

increases; trapping

30
Q

Mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors are found in the

A

mucosa and submucosa of the GI tract along its length.

31
Q

Mastication is a process that facilitates

A

swallowing of food, and it increases the surface area of the food for exposure to enzymes.

32
Q

Amylase from saliva digests

A

starch.

33
Q

Which organ is not part of the gastrointestinal tract?

A

Liver

34
Q

Peristalsis

A

is the alternating contraction of muscle layers in the GI tract wall that propels materials through the tract.

35
Q

The accumulation of large amounts of adipose tissue in the __________ that extends from the inferolateral surface of the stomach can form what is commonly called a “beer belly”.

A

greater omentum

36
Q

The type of receptor within the GI tract wall that detects stretch is the

A

mechanoreceptor.

37
Q

A sphincter is a

A

thickening of the circular layer of the muscularis that controls movement of materials through the GI tract.

38
Q

Where are the transverse palatine folds located?

A

Hard palate

39
Q

Protein digestion begins in the

A

stomach.

40
Q

The inferior esophageal sphincter is also known as the

A

cardiac sphincter.

41
Q

The term “retroperitoneal” may be used to describe the location of certain abdominal organs. This means that such organs are located

A

posterior to the parietal peritoneum.

42
Q

Lacteals

A

absorb the products of fat digestion.

43
Q

Stenosis (constriction) of the pyloric sphincter would interfere with

A

Stenosis (constriction) of the pyloric sphincter would interfere with

44
Q

The projections on the superior surface of the tongue, some of which house taste buds, are the

A

papillae.

45
Q

What is the correct order for the layers of the GI tract wall, from innermost (next to lumen) to outermost?

A

Mucosa - submucosa - muscularis - adventitia/serosa

46
Q

The esophagus

A

contains both smooth and skeletal muscle fibers.

47
Q

Lysozyme within saliva primarily functions to

A

inhibit bacterial growth.

48
Q

Which duct transports bile to and from the gallbladder?

A

Cystic duct

49
Q

The initial site of both mechanical and chemical digestion is the

A

oral cavity.

50
Q

If a fatty meal has been ingested, the liver and gallbladder need to be alerted about the need for bile. The receptors that are responsible for sensing the fat in the ingested food are refered to as

A

chemoreceptors.

51
Q

Gastric mixing changes

A

a bolus into chyme.

52
Q

What is the correct order for the list of structures of the large intestine, starting at the cecum and ending at the rectum?

a: Left colic flexure
b: Ascending colon
c: Transverse colon
d: Right colic flexure
e: Sigmoid colon
f: Descending colon

A

b, d, c, a, f, e

53
Q

The lining of the gastrointestinal tract that allows for absorption and secretion is

A

simple columnar epithelium.

54
Q

Which of the following is the correct sequence of regions of the small intestine, from beginning to end?

A

Duodenum - jejunum - ileum

55
Q

Gram for gram, the largest amount of energy can be stored in the body in the form of

A

triglycerides.

56
Q

Inorganic ions such as sodium and potassium are

A

minerals.

57
Q

Vigorous physical activity causes total metabolic rate to

A

exercise and for hours afterwards.

58
Q

Iodine is an example of a(n)

A

mineral.

59
Q

The absorptive state occurs

A

from when you are eating until about 4 hours after the meal.

60
Q

Metabolic rate is a measurement of the

A

energy used in a given period of time.

61
Q

In response to the increased availability of nutrients during the absorptive state, liver and muscle

A

increase glycogenesis.