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CHI444: Differential Diagnosis > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Flashcards in Reproductive System Deck (10)
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1
Q

What are the pertinent investigations in the reproductive system?

A
  1. Hormone level-
  2. semen analysis
  3. prostate specific antigen (PSA)- PSA levels in blood go up if the barrier between epithelium and bloodstream is damaged. 3 typical causes- cancer, bacterial infection, prostate infarction or destruction
  4. Breast analysis
  5. pap smear
2
Q

What is involved in semen analysis?

A
  • volume
  • sperm number
  • sperms motility
  • sperms morphology
3
Q

tell me about the prostate specific antigen PSA

A

a protein secreted in epithelial cells of teh prostate which can be traced in blood
-PSA 10- a prostatic biopsy will show cabcer in over 50% of cases

4
Q

Breast examination involves

A
  1. CBE
    a) lateral portion
    b) medial portion
    c) nipple (for its elasticity and discharge)
  2. Breast self-examination (BSE)
    slide 29 of lecture
    -when and how often- several days before and during menstruation, breast may feels wollen, painful, tender or lumpy
    -a week after period starts, when breast are least likely to be swollen and tender
    -adults should perform at least once a month
5
Q

pap smear

A
  • ass. with a 50% reduction in cervical cancer mortality in developed countries
  • recomm every 2 years for women who have had sex and intact cervic, commencing after 2 yrs of first sexual intercourse.
6
Q

Common conditions?

A
  1. STI’s (STDs)
  2. Male Conditions
    - BPH
    - prostatic carcinoma
  3. Female conditions
    - premenstrual syndrome
    - breast cancer
    - endometriosis
    - pelvic inflammatory diseas
    - cervical cancer
7
Q
STI's
Chlamydia 
Pathophysiology 
diagnostic factors
managemnt 
complicatios
A

311

  • m.c STD in the wold
  • is uually asymptomatic in both men (50%0 and women (80%)
  • Risk factors:
  • age 25 and under
  • frequent or recent change in sex partnet
  • unprotected sex
  • hx of prior STF
  • black race
  • low socioeconomic status

Diagnostic factors:

  • asymptomatic
  • dysuria and conjunctivitis
  • penile/ vaginal discharge
  • lower abdominal/ pelvic pain
  • intermenstual bleeding

Managemnt:

  • iradicate infection
  • delay in the treatment increases risk of infertility
  • antibiotci therapy
  • rienfection common

complications:

  • salpingitis
  • reactive arthtis
  • pelvic inflammatory disease and opthalmia neonatorum
8
Q
herpes Simplex 
what is it =?
Prevention 
Risk factros? 
diagnostic factors
A

Its infection with HSV-1 or 2 which can cause oral, genital and ocular ulcers. Primary episode occurs duirng initial infection with HSV, in which host lacks antibody respons .

Virus remains latent in body
-very common STI

Prevention:

  • avoid sexual contact
  • use condom

Risk factors:

  • unprotected sex
  • immunosupressed
  • HIV infection
  • young age
  • female -female sex
  • black race

Diagnostic factors:

  • fever, malaise, headache
  • tingling/ itching
  • oainful genital/ oral ulcers
  • inguinal lymphadenopathy
  • dysuria (F)
  • meningitis/ encephalitis (aseptic)

managment:

  • antiviral therapy
  • topical antivirals -effective if used at very early stage
  • reduce contact when lesions are present.

pg311

9
Q

STI’s

Gonorrhoea

A

Any manifestation of infection by N gonorrhoeae
Atiology: sexually tranmitted, can be found in genital tract, pharynx and rectum
-humans only host

Diagnostic factors:

  • mostly asymptomatic in women (50%)
  • urethral/ vaginal discharge
  • urethral/ vaginal discharge
  • dysuria
  • pelvic pain
  • anal pruritus/ pain
  • positive culture/ microscopy

Risk factors:

  • age 15-24
  • black
  • male-male sex
  • Hx of STD
  • unprotected sex
  • Hx of sexual or physical abuse
  • substance use

Preventions:

  • encourage delay of sex
  • promoting monogamy
  • using condoms with any penetrating sex

Management:

  • antibiotics
  • sex partners from previous 60 days are evaluated and treated

Complications: (more serious in F)

  • epidiymo-orchitis, prostitis
  • proctitis (inflammation of lining of anus and rectum)
  • infertility (F)
  • ophthalmia neonatorum (females)
10
Q

STI’s Anogenital warts -HPV (human papilloma virus)

A
  • most prevelant form of viral genital lesion and is caused by infection of several types of HPV (6, 11, 16, 18)
  • lesions appear with weeks to months after exposure.
  • 16 and 18 have strong assosiation with genital carcinomas.
  • skin to skin transmission
  • lesion size ranges from a few millimetre to several cm
  • no. and size increase during pregnancy
  • lesions typically appear within weeks to months after exposure
  • rarely transmitted to mouth during oral sex

Diagnostic factor:

  • young age
  • asymptomatic (except for warts)