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Cytokines > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three components of the urethra

A

Prostatus
Membranous
Spongy

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2
Q

What is the outer layer of the Pennsylvania p

A

Corpous cavernosum

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3
Q

Where is the prostate gland

A

behind the bladder

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4
Q

What 4 things give us our ejaculatory fluid

A

Prostate, Vas deferenes, seminal vesicle, bulbourethra glands

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5
Q

what is the pathway to make testosterone

A

Cholesterol-pregnenalone-progesterone-androstendione-testosterone

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6
Q

What enzyme converts us from testosterone to dihydrotestosterone, what does it require

A

5alpha-reductase

requires NADPH

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7
Q

LH in males stimulates what cell to secrete what

A

Leydig cells to secrete testosterone

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8
Q

FSH in males stimulates what cell to secrete what?

A

Sertoli cell to secrete hinhibins which tell us to not make FSH and LH

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9
Q

GC, dysuria, purulent d/c, frequency

A

Specific urethritis

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10
Q

What bug most likely cause non-specific urethritis in males

A

chlamydia, ureaplasma, E.coli

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11
Q

what is another term for penile inflammation, who does it common in

A

Balanitis, usually in pts with phimosis or redudant prepuce

Staph. E.coli. candida

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12
Q

What is the most common penile tumor type, frm what

A

Condyloma acuminatum from HPV 6 and 11

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13
Q

What is hypospadius and epispadius

A

congenital misplacement of urethral canal ventrally or dorsally, may be associated with undescended testicles, may cause urinary obstruction or inability to inseminate

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14
Q

this is when the orfice of prepuce s to small to permit retraction

A

phismosis

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15
Q

this is when the prepuce is retracted and wont replace

A

paraphismosis

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16
Q

this is when male hypogondism occurs or 2 or more x chromosomes and 1 or more y chromosomes

A

klinefelters

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17
Q

cryptorchidism is unilateral or bilateral

A

unilateral, increased risk of infertility

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18
Q

What is epidiymitis and orchitis associated with

A

lower UTI and prostatisis

GC or chlamydia in men under 35

E. coli and pseudomas in menover 35

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19
Q

scrotal varicosity, abnormal dilation and tortuosity of pampiniform lpexus of veins, 99% left sided

A

varicocele

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20
Q

Accumulation of serous fluid in scortum occurs developmentally in descent of testies or secondary to inflammation, painless

A

hydrocele

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21
Q

What organism causes bacterial prostatis

A

E. coli or other gram negative rods

Staph, GC

boggy prostate,

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22
Q

Chronic abacterial prostatis bugs

A

most common chlamydia, ureaplasma

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23
Q

what is the most comon cancer of men

where does it occur

A

carcinoma prostate

posterior lobe

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24
Q

what ligament holds the ovary down

A

ovarian ligament

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25
Q

where are fimbriae located

what do they do

A

at the end of the fallopian tube

wrap around ovary during ovulation to allow egg in

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26
Q

What are the three layers of the uterus

A

perimetrium
myometrium
endometrium

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27
Q

What bug causes acute cervicitis

A

GC, chlamydia, trichomonas -after proceedures

CMT!

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28
Q

What causes chronic cervicitis

A

vaginal bacterial overgrowth in the transformational zone

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29
Q

Cervical intraepithelial neoplasma

A

mostly benign dysplasia

CIN I
CIN II
CIN III (severe-precancerous)

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30
Q

what causes cervical cancer

A

HPV 16, 18, 31, 33

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31
Q

What is the most common cervical cancer

what is the most common sign

A

Cervical squamous cell carcinoma

  • most are asymptomatic
  • bleeding post intercourse
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32
Q

stage

A

spread

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33
Q

grade

A

type of histologic stage

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34
Q

What triggers the growth of the endometrium

A

estrogen

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35
Q

what causes acute endometritis

A

Group A strep, staph following delivery or miscarriage

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36
Q

Chronic endometritis causes

A

PID, IUD, TB, Clamydia

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37
Q

Endometrial hyperplasia

A

due to prolonged estrogens effects since estrogen triggers its growth

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38
Q

endometriosis

A

endometrial cells outside of the uterus

ovary and adnexa are most common

pain, cycling pain

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39
Q

endometrial polyps

A

may be estrogen receptive or tamoxifen induced

not considered precancers

cause menorrhagia

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40
Q

what is the most common tumor i women

A

leiomyoma/fibroid (smooth muscle tumor)

Estrogen dependent

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41
Q

most common invasive cancer of female tract

when to suspect it

A

uterine adenocarcinoma

suspect when postmenopausal women starts bleeding

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42
Q

inflammation of the ovaries

A

oophoritis

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43
Q

follicular cysts happen when?

A

common in first 2 weeks
physiologic
may cause pelvic pain

estrogen domiant

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44
Q

leuteal phase

A

second 2 weeks
progesterone dominant

normal, may rupture into peritoneum and cause inflammation

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45
Q

PCO/Stein-leventhal syndrome (PCOS)

A

ovarian system that is not moving androgen to estrogen=androgen excess due to decreased aromatase activity

hyperprolactinemia

inability to conceive and hirsuitism

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46
Q

what enzyme converts testosterone and androstenodion to estrone

A

aromatase

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47
Q

wa\hat are the two glands of the vagina

A

bartholans glands and paraurethral/skenes ducts

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48
Q

this is usually associated with PId, swelling of gland on wall of vestibule at base of labia majora

A

bartholins cysts usually Gc or local flora

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49
Q

vulvar dystrophy/Leukoplakia

A

inflammation opaque, white scaly plaque, biopsy to find cause

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50
Q

Lichen sclerosus/Chronic atrphic vulvovaginitis

A

after menopause, skin parchment like, vaginal mucosa thinned, dryness, discomfort

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51
Q

squamous hyperplasia

A

if atypia exist is precancerous or cancerous

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52
Q

gartner’s duct cysts

A

common, lateral wall of vagina, wolffian duct remnants

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53
Q

vestibular adenitis

A

glands in posterior vestibule may become inflammed, idiopathic

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54
Q

clear cell adenocarcinoma

A

in women whose mothers took DES during pregnancy, upper third of anterior vaginal wall or cervix, vaginal adenosis is precursor, no sx

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55
Q

what hormone is dominant in the first two weeks

what phase is this

A

estrogen

follicular phase

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56
Q

what hormone is dominant in the second two weeks

A

progesterone

leuteal phase

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57
Q

what happens during pregnancy

A

no drop in progesterone

usually the drop causes a period

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58
Q

when and why does LH spike

A

before ovulation to kick the ova out of the ovary

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59
Q

what hormone is thermogenic, how does this affect body heat

A

progesterone

temp lower in follicular phase then rise after LH surge

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60
Q

what are the physiologic actions of progesterone

A
  • limit prepartum actions of prolactin
  • thermogenic
  • increases consistency of mucus
  • stimulates growth and development of endometrium for implantation
  • decreases myometrium sensitivity to oxytocin
  • inhibits GnRH secretion from CNS to alter sexual receptivity
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61
Q

-definition of menopuase

A

no menses for 12 or more months and a rise in FSH and LH

androgens may decline or rise based on adrenal function

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62
Q

bacterial infection of lactating breast is what?

what organism?

A

acute mastitis dt staph

63
Q

mammary duct ectasia

A

dilation of lactiferous ducts

64
Q

what causes fibrocystic breast dz

A

ecess estrogene

65
Q

what is the most common benign tumorof the breast in women under 30

A

fibroadenoma

66
Q

what is the number one female cancer

A

carcinoma in ductal and glandular tissue

67
Q

pagets dz of breast

A

associated with later stage infiltrating carcinoma causing inflammation of the tissue on the ipple

poor prognosis

68
Q

what is the making of gametes called

A

meiosis

69
Q

mitosis is what

A

making of daughter cells

70
Q

Which division 1 or two in meiotic division of spermatogensis is non haploid

A

the second

71
Q

What do you end up with in spermatogenesis

A

(2) 23x

2(23)y

72
Q

what happens during oogenesis to create a mature follicle

A

sperm must meet the immature follicle

-the secondary oocyte is fertilized after the second meiotic division and the pronuclei fuse to form the zygote

73
Q

single cell organism that is the 1st named structure after fusing of the pronuclei

A

zygote

74
Q

what is 12 or more blastomeres called

A

morula

75
Q

what is the final implanting structure

A

blastocyst

76
Q

what does FSH do, when does it peak

A

promotes growth of follicles peaks day 11-13

77
Q

What does LH do when does it peak

A

Day 12-13

stimulates granulosa cells to decrease estrogen, increase progesterone

78
Q

what is the primary site of fertilization

A

the ampulla

79
Q

What are the stages of development in ovulation and fertilization to implantation

A
  1. Day 1: fertilization to zygote formation
  2. Day 2-3: z cell stage through morula
  3. Day 4-5: free blastocyst
  4. Day 5-6: blastocyst attaches=implantation
80
Q

where does sperm pass through in fertilization and what enzymes break down the zona pellucida

A

ovum coronatubular enzymes

81
Q

what zone does sperm have to penetrate to, why is it there

A

zona pellucida, zona reaction occurs to block other sperm

t

82
Q

where does the second meiotic division occur

A

zona pellucida

83
Q

where does normal implantation occur

A

in the endometrium

84
Q

what is the blastula

A

1 day after morula enters uterus, the central blastomeres part and fluid fills the space

2 parts

  1. )trophoblasts(early placenta)
  2. ) embryoblasts (early embyro)
85
Q

what is the most common site for ectopic implantation

A

uterine tube

86
Q

Bilaminar germ disc

A

amniotic cavity appears between trophoblast and embroblast

embryoblast differentiates into bilaminar disc
prochondral plate develops as thickening in the hypoblast

87
Q

what is gastrulation

A

formation of the germ layers

88
Q

list the steps of fertilization

A
  • sperm passes through ovums corona
  • sperm and tubular enzymes break down zona pellucida
  • sperm penetrates zona pellucida
  • male and female pronuclei fuse to form zygote
  • diploid chromosome number restored(46)
  • blastocyst impants in endometrium on day 6
  • cleavage of zygote
  • morula
  • blastula
  • normal implantation
  • ectopic implantation
  • bilaminar germ disc
  • gastrulation
89
Q

what 7 things have ectoderm

A
  • CNS
  • PNS
  • sensory epithelia of the eye, ear nose
  • epidermis and appendages
  • mammary glands
  • posterior pituitary
  • adrenal medulla
90
Q

What 8 things came from mesoderm

A
  • connective tissue, cartilage, bone
  • muscle
  • heart
  • blood, lymph vessels and cells
  • kidneys, ovaries, testes, genital ducts
  • serous membrane
  • spleen
  • adrenal cortex
91
Q

what came from endoderm (4)

A
  • gastric and respiratory epithelium
  • parenchyma of tonsils, thyroid, parathyroid, liver, thymus, pancreas
  • epithelial linning of bladder, most of urethra, tympanic cavity, tympanic antrum, auditory tube
  • anterior pit
92
Q

What does the ductus arteriosus turn into

A

ligamentum arteriosum

93
Q

What does the ductus venosus turn into

A

ligamentum venosum

94
Q

what does the umbilican vein turn into

A

ligamentum teres

95
Q

what does the foramen ovale turn into

A

fossa ovalis

96
Q

what does the umbilical artery turn into

A

the lateral umbilical ligament

97
Q

What type of blood does the umbilical artery carry

A

venous deoxygenated blood

98
Q

Where does oxytocin come from and what do we use it for

A

comes from posterior pituitary

ejection of milk and smooth muscle contraction

99
Q

where does prolactin come from and what does it do

A

anterior pit

milk production
lactogenesis
luteotrophic
growth of hair and sebaceous glands
mammary growth
LH receptor maintence
100
Q

What four structures are only susceptible to teratogens in early pregnancy

A

ears, palate, heart, lower limbs

101
Q

are we suspectible to teratogens in the first two weeks of pregancy

A

no

102
Q

CNS susceptibility to teratogens

A

weeks 3-38

103
Q

Heart susceptibility to teratogens

A

Weeks 3-8

104
Q

Upper limb susceptibility to teratogens

A

weeks 4-8

105
Q

lower limb susceptibility to teratogens

A

weeks 4-8

106
Q

eyes susceptibility to teratogens

A

weeks 4-38

107
Q

Teeth susceptibility to teratogens

A

weeks 7-38

108
Q

palate susceptibility to teratogens

A

weeks 7=9

109
Q

external genitlia susceptibility to teratogens

A

weeks 7-38

110
Q

ears susceptibility to teratogens

A

weeks 4-16

111
Q

what are the purines

A

Adenine

Guanine

112
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Uracil
Thymine
Cytosine

113
Q

Nucleosides

A

think ine

Adenosine
Guanosine
Uridine
Cytidine
Deoxythymidine
114
Q

Nucleotides

A

think ATE

adenylate (AMP)
guanylate (GMP)
Uridylate(UMP)
cytidylate(CMP)
Deoxythyidylate(dTMP)
115
Q

which requires folic acid as a complete co-factor in its synthesis

purine or pyrimidine

A

purine

116
Q

what is the substrate for pyrimidine synthesisv

A

glutamine

117
Q

polymerase I

A

makes rRNA

118
Q

polymerase II

A

makes mRNA

119
Q

polymerase III

A

makes tRNA

120
Q

what polymerizes nucleotides on the DNA template to form RNA copy

A

RNA polymerase

121
Q

what connects the DNA in syntehsis

A

ligase

122
Q

what strand creates okazaki fragments

A

the right strand, 3’-5’ because we can only synthesize in 5-3

123
Q

nuclear division of somatic cells

A

mitosis

124
Q

produces gametes

A

meiosis

125
Q

4 phases of mitosis

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

126
Q

cytokinesis

A

cytoplasm divides

127
Q

what phase do most somatic cells spend the majority of their lives in

A

interphase

128
Q

what does interphase include

A

G0: while its working, indefinite period
G1
S
G2

129
Q

G1

A

normal cell function, cell growthand duplication of organelles, make proteins

130
Q

S

A

dna replication synthesis of hormones

131
Q

G2

A

protein synthesis

132
Q

M

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and cytokinesis

133
Q

process of cell specialization

A

differentiation

produces populations of cells with limited capabilits, differentiated form of normal tissue

134
Q

unidfferentiated is what

A

cancerous

135
Q

Mitosis:

type of cell
parent cell chromosomes
chromosome replication #
# of cyotoplasmic divisions
# of cells formed
# chromosomes in each new cell
A

type of cell: somatic

parent cell chromosomes:46(23 pair)

chromosome replication #: once

of cyotoplasmic divisions:1

of cells formed: 2

chromosomes in each new : 46

136
Q

Meisosis

type of cell
parent cell chromosomes
chromosome replication #
# of cyotoplasmic divisions
# of cells formed
# chromosomes in each new cell
A

type of cell: reproductive cells

parent cell chromosomes: 46

chromosome replication #: once

of cyotoplasmic divisions:2

of cells formed:4

chromosomes in each new :23

137
Q

what is the TATA box part of

A

the promoter region

138
Q

what does RNApolymerase need to recognize promotore

A

transcription factor

139
Q

what are inducers

A

steroid hormones tha tbind to nuclear receptor protein. Form a complex that binds to DNA and activates some gene, inactivates others

140
Q

What do enhancers do

A

regulatory DNA sequence, can bu upstream or downstream of promoter

may be located several thousand base pairs from starting point of transcription
loops in DNA bring enhancers near the promoter region of the gene

141
Q

what two diseases result from loss or gain of a whole chromosome (genome mutation)

A

Trisomy 21-down syndrome

4XO-turner syndrome

142
Q

what are chromosomal mutations

A

rearrangement of genetic material within a chromosome

generally translocations

143
Q

Mendelian/ gene mutation disorders

A

deletion or insertion of nucleotide bases within a specific gene chromosome

144
Q

two types of mendelian disorders

A

point mutation: substitution of a single nucleotide, thalaseia and sickle cell

frameshift mutation: insertion or deletion of base pains: tay sachs, cystic fibrosis

145
Q

XXY, thin body, hypogonadic gynecomastic male

A

klinfelter’s syndrome

146
Q

XO or XO/46XY female

menopause before menarch

A

Turners Syndrome

147
Q

Trisomy 21

47 chromosomes

A

down syndrome

148
Q

what is the most common genetic cause of mental retardation

A

down syndrome

149
Q

what are examples of autosomal recessive diseases

A

PKU
Sickle Cell
Thalassemia
Lysosomal storage

150
Q

Autosomal dominant diseases:

A

von Willebrand’s familial hypercholesterolemia

151
Q

X linked recssive

A

symptomatic in males carrier in femalses

G6PD deficiency, hemophilia
Fragile-X syndrome

152
Q

second most common cause of genetic mental retardation

A

Fragile X syndrome

153
Q

Mitochondrial gene mutation

A

ova has lots of mitochondria and sperm lose their in fertilization (no mtDNA to transmit downstreme)

mothers genetic material contains all mitochondrial information so maternal passes it on

DX lebers hereditary optic neuropathy

Cytokines (9 decks)

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