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Flashcards in Repro Deck (21)
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1
Q

Maternal factors of dystocia?

A

primary or secondary uterine inertia (most common)
small pelvic size
abnormalities of caudal reproductive tract
malnutrition
parasitism

2
Q

Fetal causes of dystocia

A

fetal malposition (most common)
fetal monsters
true oversize fetuses or fetal oversize in relation to maternal pelvis
fetal death

3
Q

Causes of primary uterine inertia?

A

small litters (inadequate uterine stimulation)
large litters (overstretching of myometrium)
hypocalcemia
obesity
uterine infection
uterine torsion
trauma

4
Q

7 factors to seek veterinary assistance during labor:

A
  1. labor doesn’t begin when expected (based on temp decrease or calculated due date)
  2. stage two labor lasts 4 h+
  3. > 2 h between successive fetuses
  4. mom looks ill or distressed
  5. 30 min + of strong contractions w/o fetus
  6. lots of green black discharge prior to FIRST fetus
  7. significant bloody discharge
5
Q

Oxytocin MOA?

A

alters transmembrane ionic currents, increasing sodium permeability of uterine myofibrils, causing myometrium to produce sustained uterine contractions

6
Q

How many pairs of mammary glands do dogs and cats have?

A

5 pairs in most dogs (although may see 4-6 depending on size of dog)
2 thoracic, two abdominal, 1 inguinal

Cats have 4 pairs
Numbered 1-4 from cranial to caudal

7
Q

What vessels supply the mammary glands?

A

Cranial glands: cranial superficial epigastric artery (branches off the internal thoracic artery)

Caudal glands: caudal superficial epigastric artery (branches off the external pudendal artery)

8
Q

What is the most common cause of mastitis?

A

Ascending infection after trauma to the nipples by nursing puppies or kittens

9
Q

Name some predisposing factors to the development of mastitis?

A

Skin disease
Contamination of mammary glands with lochia
Poor environmental conditions
Overcrowding
Galactostasis shortly before birth, after weaning, or loss of a litter

10
Q

What are the most common bacteria to cause mastitis and how do they typically present?

A

Staph - lead to abscesses and gangrene
Strep - diffuse and spread into other glands
E. Coli - abscessation and septic mastitis

11
Q

What are the most commonly affected mammary glands in cases of mastitis?

A

The caudal most glands during the acute phase

12
Q

What signs may be seen with chronic mastitis?

A

Very few, the glands and milk may appear normal but the offspring may fail to gain weight, lose weight, or die

13
Q

How is a diagnosis of mastitis obtained?

A

Cytology and culture and susceptibility of milk
Affected gland should be cleaned with dilute chlorhexidine, gloves should be worn, first drop of milk should be discarded

14
Q

How does ultrasound of a normal mammary gland compare to one with mastitis?

A

In inflamed glands the distinctive layering seen in normal glands is absent.

A loss of echogenicity is also seen (normal glands have a mildly coarse grained and echogenic parenchyma)

15
Q

What are some differentials diagnoses for a swollen, painful, mammary gland other than mastitis?

A
Mammary neoplasia
Trauma
Galactostasis
Severe pyoderma
Fibroadenomatous mammary hyperplasia (seen in young cats)
16
Q

What are typical antibiotics chosen to treat mastitis and for how long are they typically prescribed?

A

Ampicillin (or clavamox) and enrofloxacin

Typically prescribed for 3-4 weeks

17
Q

Can puppies/kittens continue to nurse while the mother has mastitis?

A

Yes, as long as the mother is not septic

18
Q

What antibiotics are safe to use in nursing puppies/kittens?

Which antibiotics are not safe to use in nursing puppies/kittens?

A
SAFE:
Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Macrolides
*Fluoroquinolones if not yet ambulatory as damage to cartilage will be minimal/may not occur*

UNSAFE:
Chloramphenicol
Tetracyclines
Aminoglycosides

19
Q

Other than antibiotics, what therapies can be done to treat mastitis?

A

Hot compresses several times daily

Abscesses can be lanced and necrotic tissue removed, should then be flushed with sterile saline

20
Q

What is cabergoline and why is it used during treatment for mastitis?

A

It is a dopamine agonist
It is used to decrease prolactin and thereby decrease milk production, which prevents galactostasis in the other mammary glands

If offspring are present, it can be given for 2-3 days, if they have been weaned, it can be given for 8 or more days

21
Q

why is cabergoline helpful in the treatment of pyometra?

A

it is a dopamine agonist that causes luteolysis by reducing prolactin concentrations; should be used along with a prostaglandins analogue