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Human physiology > renal system > Flashcards

renal system Flashcards

1
Q

what makes up the urinary system

A

2 kidneys
2 ureters
1 urinary bladder
1 urtherra

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2
Q

functions of the urinary system

A

urine fomation
excretion of waste products
maintaining water balance and acid/base

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3
Q

how much urine is made in one day

A

1.5 litres

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4
Q

where are the kidneys

A

below the diaphram
high up
back wall

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5
Q

why is one kidney higher than the other

A

liver being in the way

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6
Q

position of the bladder

A

behind the pubic bone

changes shape and lifts when it fills

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7
Q

how does the kidney mature in babies

A

changes a ot and they change kidneys as they mature
different kidney at each stage of maturation
most filtering done by placenta so only need primiteve ones

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8
Q

what is the hilum

A

medial side of kidney

concave boarder where everything enters ad exits

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9
Q

what is the renal pelvis

A

a collection of everything

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10
Q

3 layers of the kidney

A

capsule
cortex
medulla

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11
Q

what is the capsule of the kidney

A

outer layer
shiny
fibrous cap surronding

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12
Q

what is the cortex of the kidney

A

peachy

smooth

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13
Q

what is the medulla of the kidney

A

innermost layer
nephrons make it striped
renal pyramid structures here

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14
Q

what are nephrons

A

functional units of the kidney

filtration occurs in them

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15
Q

what do the nephrons do?

A

collect urine in ducts to go to the bladder

after filtering the blood

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16
Q

describe the path of urine drainage

A 
paillary duct in renal pyramids 
minor calyx
major calyx
renal pelvis
ureter
urinary bladder
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17
Q

what is the glomerular/bowmans capsule

A

capillary netowk contaiiing the glomerulus

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18
Q

what is the glomerulus

A

capillary bed within the glomerulus capsule

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19
Q

name the sections of the nephron

A

proximal convoluted tubule
loop of helse
distal convoluted tubule

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20
Q

describe the glomerular capsule

A

endothelial lining of the capillaries which are fenestrated s thus very permeable
lined by podocytes

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21
Q

are there types of nephrons?

A

yes:
cortical
meduallr, juxamedullar

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22
Q

what is the msot common type of nephron

A

cortical ones

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23
Q

can nephrones be replaced?

A

no

they only grown in terms on size not number

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24
Q

how does the kidney get its blood suply?

A

branches off the arterioles
renal artery enters hilium and divides into smaller arteris
afferent artiole enters glomerulus
efferent aferty eaves golmerulus

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25
Q

what artery enters the glomerulus

A

afferent

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26
Q

what artery leaves the glomerulus?

A

efferent

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27
Q

why is the afferent arteriole wider?

A

increases the capillary pressure keeping fluid in the nephron

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28
Q

what is the secondary capillary netrowk

A

peritubular network

wraps around the ubules further exchange of materials in and out

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29
Q

what control the resistance to flow of fluids

A

diameter of the tube
length of the tube
viscosity of the fluid

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30
Q

is urine hypo or hyper tonic

A

urine is more concentrated than plasma

hypertonic

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31
Q

organic compounds found in urine

A 
urea
urobilin
uric acid
creatine
amino acids
metabolites of hormones
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32
Q

what is the pH of urine

A

acidic

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33
Q

what things are not found in urine

A

glucose
protein
bicarbonate

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34
Q

3 processes involved in urine formation

A

filtration
selective reabsorption
tubular secretion

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35
Q

what happens in the filtratio step

A

blood filtered by the nephron

ultrafiltration takes place through the semipermeable membrane walls of the glomerulus capsule

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36
Q

what can pass through the glomerulus capsule?

A 
water and small molecules
mineral salts
amino acids
ketoacids
glucose
creatine
urea
uric acid
soluble hormones, small drugs
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37
Q

what things cannot pass through the glomerulus capsule and stay in the capillaries/

A 
RBC
WBC
platelets
plasma proteins like albumin
large drugs
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38
Q

describe the process of filtration

A

between podocytes are filtration slits

small things can fit though

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39
Q

what drives filtration

A

pressure difference force

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40
Q

what affect does osmtic pressure have on filtration

A

pulls stuff back into capillaries

but overall liquid leaves the blood entering the nephron

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41
Q

what effect does glomerular hydrostatic pressure ave on filtration

A

higher due to the narrowing of the efferent arteriole

pushing forec

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42
Q

define GFR

A

glomerular filtration rate

volume of filtrate formed by both kidney each minute

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43
Q

in a healthy adult what is the GFR

A

135mlper minutes

180L per day

44
Q

what does a too low or high GFR cause

A

low: insufficient wast removal
high: loss of useful substances

45
Q

how does blood pressure impact the kidneys

A

it drives the systme but doesnt stay constant all the time

it varies but the GFR must stay constant

46
Q

what keeps the GFR constant

A

autoregulation is the mechanism of maintaing a constant renal blood pressure
through casoconstrictio and dilation of the afferent arteriole

47
Q

what happens in autregulation if the B\P goes up

A

afferent arteriole constricts

48
Q

what happens in autoregulation if the BP drops

A

afferent arterioles dilates

49
Q

what is selective resorption

A

deciding what the body wants to keep and some things are put back into the blood to be kept

50
Q

what substanes can be resorbed

A

water
electrolytes
organic nutrients such as glucose and animo acids

51
Q

where does most of the selective resorption occur?

A

proximal tubules

the rest of the tubules are then used for fine tuning of this

52
Q

how are solutes resorbed

A

actve and passive transport, channels and pumps

53
Q

how are glucos and amino acids resporbed?

A

completely resorbed unless blood levels are excessice

these thigns shoudnt be in urine in health

54
Q

what is obligatory resorption

A

water followssolutes by osmosis

55
Q

what is facultative resorption

A

ADH regulates water resorption n the collecting duct

56
Q

what is the renal threshold

A

max capacity for resorbtionof certain substances

57
Q

above waht does glucose appear in the urine

A

above 9mmol/l

58
Q

what is tubular secretion

A

substances are secreted into the tubues out of the bood
transfere of substances not cleared by filtration earlier
actively get rid of them

59
Q

what are the fina adjustments in tubular secretion?

A

ADH hormome helps

collecting ducts aso make final adjustments

60
Q

difference between selective resprtion and tubular secretion

A

selective resorption moves thigns from the lumen back into the blood
tubular secretion other way round, things move from blood to the tubules

61
Q

what varies the balance of things on each side?

A

leakiness of junction between tubular epithelial cells
tight junctions make it less mearmeable moving from proximal to distal
carrier, channels and pups

62
Q

what allows K to be resorbed?

A

leaky tight junctions allow water and K to be reabsorbed between cells

63
Q

how is al the glucose kept in the body?

A

carried with sodium pumps

100% is resorbed by coupled facilitated diffusion into ISF

64
Q

where has the most absorption?

A

proximal tubule and descending loop

65
Q

key features of the proxima tubule and descending loop?

A

highly permeable to water and solutes

most of the ions and water and resorbed here

66
Q

which part of the nephron is very permeable to Na

A

ascending loop of henlee

67
Q

what happens to ions in the ascending loop

A

Na/K ATPase sets up sodium gradient to resord it
Na/K co-transported with Cl
K leaks back in driving he movment of Ca and Mg
fitrate more dilute here

68
Q

what happens to the filtrate in the ascending loop

A

more dilute

the ISF becomes more concentrated, hypertonic

69
Q

does the ascending loop let in water?

A

no

tight junctions are no longer leaky

70
Q

which direction does Na go?

A

out into blood

while K is then pumped into the filtrate with it

71
Q

what moves out into blood in the ascending loop?

A

Naa
K
Cl
Ca and mg

72
Q

what moves back into the filtrate in the ascending loop?

A

K

73
Q

what regulates the distal tubule

A

new hormones
regulates collecting ducts also

rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

74
Q

what is rennin

A

and enzyme

75
Q

what does rennin do?

A

activated angiotensin which in turn activat aldosterone

76
Q

what does aldosterone do?

A

acts on P/principle cells to secrete K and resorb Na
water then follows with this

amount of K lost in urine is dependent on aldosterone

77
Q

what regulates the collectng duct

A

ADH

78
Q

what is ADH

A

pituitary hormone
receptor for the kidney
anti-diuretic hormone/vasopersin

79
Q

what does ADh trigger

A

aquaproin channels to go into the membrane

80
Q

what do aqua porins in the collecting ducts do?

A

allow water to move back to the blood from the filtrate

concentrates the urine

81
Q

what happens to ADH at night

A

release to stop urine

82
Q

in respnse to what causes ADH to be released

A

increased plasma osmolarity

83
Q

problems with kidney function may lead to

A

loss of nutrientes
failure t remove toxins
affect drug treatmentes
affect blood pressure

84
Q

common measures for kidney function

A

clearance raate
GFR: glomerular filtration rate
PFR: plasma flow rate

85
Q

what is the assumed clearance rate

A

V= 1ml/min

86
Q

whats the glucose clearance rate for glucose

A

zero

as 100% is resorbed and there shouldnt be any in the urine in a healthy state

87
Q

what can clearance rates indicate?

A

disease

be used to estimate GFR

88
Q

what are clearance rates compared to to see if theya re healthy?

A

inulin

89
Q

what does a clearance rate less than inulin mean?

A

glucose

all resorbedand not kept

90
Q

what does a clearance rate higher than inulin mean

A

the body is getting rid of that substance from the blood into the tubule

91
Q

define clearance rates

A

the volume of plasma completey cleared of the substance in one minutes
the rate at which a substance is excreted in the urine

92
Q

whats the equation for clearance rates

A

urine concentration X rate of urine production from 24hr colection

93
Q

what does clearance measure compared to GFR

A

filtration, resorption and secretion combined

while GFR is only filtration

94
Q

but why is clearance rate useful for GFR estimations

A

because if the substance is being cleared fro the blood therefore…
- its freely filtred from blood
- neither resorbed or secreted from tubules and
- nas no ne effect of renal metabolism
so therfore clearance = gfr

95
Q

what is inulin and whhys it used?

A

freely filtrered
not resorbed or secreed
inulin clearance equal to GFR

96
Q

if the clearance of a substance is equal to that of inulin what does it mean

A

substance is only filtered
no resorption or secretion
its processed in the same way as inulin

97
Q

if the clerance of a substance is smaller than inulin what does it mean

A

substance must undergo tubular resorbtion

98
Q

if the clearance of a substance is larger than inulin what does it mean

A

the substance must undergo tubular secretion

99
Q

whats the clearance rate of sodium

A

0.9

100
Q

a eGFR of what indicates kidney disease

A

<60ml/min

101
Q

what is RPF

A

renal plasma flow

indicates blod flow to the kidney

102
Q

how can RPF be found?

A 
if a substance: 
- freey filtred from blood
- secreted but not resorbed
-no net effect of mtabolism
PAH meets these criteria
103
Q

what does eRPF equal

A

clearnce of PAH

104
Q

what is the filtration fraction

A

the fraction of plasma through the kidney that is fltered

105
Q

what is a nromal filtration fraction

A

GFR/renal plasma flow 20%

Human physiology (21 decks)

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