Renal system

Question 1

What is enclosed in the renal sinus?

Answer 1

1. Branches of renal, vein, lymph vessels2. Ureter and nerve fibers

Question 2

What makes up the kidney capsule?

Answer 2

1. Outer layer - collagen and fibroblasts2. Inner layer - myofibroblasts

Question 3

What comprises the cortical labyrinth?

Answer 3

1. Region between medullary rays 2. Renal corpuscles3. Convoluted tubules 4. Collecting tubules

Question 4

What comprises the medullary rays?

Answer 4

1. Medullary tissue extending form base of pyramids into the cortex2. Straight tubules3. Collecting ducts

Question 5

What comprises the renal columns of Bertin?

Answer 5

1. Reside within and are part of the medulla2. Straight tubules3. Collecting ducts

Question 6

Where is the vasa recta found?

Answer 6

Medulla

Question 7

What makes up a kidney lobe?

Answer 7

1. Renal pyramid2. Associated cortical tissue at base of pyramid3. Associated cortical columns

Question 8

What makes up a kidney lobule?

Answer 8

1. Central medullary ray and surrounding cortical tissue2. A collecting duct3. All nephrons that empty into the collecting duct

Question 9

What is a uniferous tubule?

Answer 9

1. Nephron + collecting tubule2. Consists of epithelium and is covered by basal lamina exteriorly

Question 10

What are the components of the nephron?

Answer 10

1. Renal corpuscle2. Bowman’s capsule3. Bowman’s space4. Vascular pole5. Urinary pole6. Filtration barrier

Question 11

What are the features of the glomerulus?

Answer 11

1. Fenestrated capillaries2. Ultrafiltrate oozes out of glomerulus by passing through filtration barrier

Question 12

What are the features of Bowman’s capsule?

Answer 12

1. Proximal end of nephron2. Has visceral and parietal layers

Question 13

What are the features of the visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule?

Answer 13

1. Covers glomerulus2. Composed of podocytes

Question 14

What is Bowman’s space (urinary space)?

Answer 14

1. Space between visceral and parietal layers of Bowman’s capsule2. Contains ultrafiltrate

Question 15

What is the vascular pole?

Answer 15

1. Site where afferent golumerular arteriole enters renal corpuscle (mesangial cells)2. Site where efferent golumerular arteriole leaves the renal corpuscle (greater resistance to flow)

Question 16

What is the urinary pole?

Answer 16

Contains initial part of the proximal convoluted tubule

Question 17

What is the filtration barrier?

Answer 17

Inside-out consists of:1. Endothelial surface layer of glomerular capillaries 2. Fenestrated (no diaphragms) endothelium of glomerular capillary3. Basal lamina4. Subpodocyte space5. Visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule (podocytes)

Question 18

What are the discontinuous layers of the filtration barrier?

Answer 18

1. Fenestrated (no diaphragms) endothelium of glomerular capillaries2. Visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule (podocytes)

Question 19

What are the features of proximal convoluted tubule?

Answer 19

1. Simple cuboid epithelium2. Eosinophilic, granular cytoplasm3. Microvilli4. Basement membrane

Question 20

What is the proximal straight tubule?

Answer 20

Thick descending limb of the loop of Henle

Question 21

What are the thin limbs of the loop of Henle?

Answer 21

1. Thin descending limb - hairpin turn2. Henle’s loop - entire U-shaped portion of a nephron3. Thin ascending limb - segment after hairpin turn

Question 22

What lines the entire thin limb of loop of Henle?

Answer 22

Simple squamous epithelium

Question 23

What are the features of the distal tubule?

Answer 23

1. Distal straight tubule2. Macula densa3. Distal convoluted tubule

Question 24

What are the features of the distal straight tubule?

Answer 24

1. Thick ascending limb of loop of Henle2. Low cuboidal epithelium with few microvilli3. More mitochondria than cells of PCT

Question 25

What are the features of the macula densa?

Answer 25

1. Modified segment of the distal tubule2. Between afferent and efferent arterioles

Question 26

What are the features of the distal convoluted tubule?

Answer 26

1. Much shorter and less tortuous than PCT2. Wide clear lumen3. Pale granular cytoplasm4. Smaller cells, more cells per c/s profile

Question 27

What are features of the collecting tubule?

Answer 27

1. Part of uriniferous tubule2. NOT part of nephron3. Empties into a connecting tubule which drains into cortical or medullary collecting duct

Question 28

What are the papillary collecting ducts of Bellini?

Answer 28

1. Formed as several medullary collecting tubules converge2. Open in the area cribrosa3. Lined with tall columnar epithelium

Question 29

What comprises the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

Answer 29

Macula densa and JG cells

Question 30

What are the JG cells?

Answer 30

1. Part of the afferent glomerular arteriole2. Modified smooth muscle cells in the tunica media of the afferent glomerular arteriole3. Contain renin (proteolytic enzyme)

Question 31

What are the features of the extraglomerular mesangial cells?

Answer 31

Reside in interval bordered by the afferent arteriole, macula densa, efferent arteriole, and vascular pole of renal corpuscle

Question 32

What is the renal interstitium?

Answer 32

1. Contains small amount of CT2. Fibroblasts, macrophages

Question 33

What is the direction of blood flow in the kidney?

Answer 33

1. Renal artery (anterior and posterior divisions)2. Segment arteries3. Lobar arteris4. Interlobar arteries5. Arcuate arteries6. Interlobular arteries7. Afferent glomerular arterioles

Question 34

What kind of epithelium lines the renal papilla and minor calyx?

Answer 34

Transitional epithelium

Question 35

What characterizes the muscularis layer of the ureter?

Answer 35

1. Upper 2/3 has outer circular, inner longitudinal layer2. Lower 1/3 has an extra layer of outer longitudinal

Question 36

What layer of the muscularis in the urinary bladder forms the internal sphincter muscle?

Answer 36

Middle

Question 37

What layer of the bladder attaches it to surrounding structures?

Answer 37

Adventitia