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AQA Psychology Minor Studies > Relationships > Flashcards

Flashcards in Relationships Deck (87)
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1
Q

Darwin (1871)

A

Theory of sexual selection.

2
Q

Bernstein (2015)

A

Women might want a powerful/resourceful man because they have traditionally lacked political power.

3
Q

Kasser and Sharma (1999)

A

Women value resourceful much more in cultures where they have little power and status.

4
Q

Penton-Voak et al. (1999)

A

Female mate choice varies over the menstrual cycle. Women prefer masculine faces when they are most fertile and more feminine faces when they are least fertile.

5
Q

Nettle and Clegg (2006)

A

Poets and artists have more sexual partners than non-creative people.

6
Q

Walster and Walster (1969)

A

Matching hypothesis: people seek partners who’s social desirability approximates their own.

7
Q

Eastwick and Finkel (2008)

A

Ideal partner preferences are just ideals. Actual dating behaviour showed that ideal did not consistently affect choices.

8
Q

Sprecher and Hatfield (2009)

A

Attractiveness is just one factor; people may compensate for unattractiveness with other qualities.

9
Q

Meltzer et al. (2014)

A

Men’s satisfaction with their wives was positively correlated to how attractive they thought their wives were. Therefore women are more motivated to retain their attractiveness to keep a marriage going.

10
Q

Taylor et al. (2011)

A

Could not find evidence to support the matching hypothesis; participants had an overall preference for attractive partners, regardless of their own attractiveness.

11
Q

Pasch and Bradbury (1998)

A

People were satisfied if their partner was supportive, trustworthy and warm, not just attractive.

12
Q

Jourard (1971)

A

‘Self-disclosure’: how much people reveal about themselves.

13
Q

Collins and Miller (1994)

A

People will like others who disclose and will self-disclose to people they like. They like disclosure even more if they think that no one else has been told.

14
Q

Sprecher et al. (2013)

A

Level of disclosure received is a greater predictor of love than the level of self-disclosure given. People like reciprocal, turn-taking disclosure.

15
Q

Sprecher (1987)

A

Disclosure about disappointments, accomplishments and previous sexual relationships were more effective than neutral topics.

16
Q

Derlega and Grzelak (1979)

A

In the early stages of a relationship, self-disclosure should be not too much (indiscriminate) or too little (impersonal).

17
Q

Berg and Archer (1980)

A

The more one person discloses, the more disclosure they expect from their partner.

18
Q

Cooper and Sportolari (1997)

A

‘Boom and bust’ phenomenon: online, people disclose lots very quickly and so the relationship gets very intimate very fast. The lack of underlying trust that comes with an analogue relationship causes it to break down.

19
Q

Tal-Or and Hershman-Shitrit (2015)

A

Relationship between disclosure and attraction applies to celebrities as well.

20
Q

Knop et al. (2016)

A

Participants disclosed more offline than online.

21
Q

Chen (1995)

A

Americans disclose more than Chinese or Japanese.

22
Q

Nakanishi (1986)

A

Japanese women prefer low levels of disclosure whilst Japanese men prefer higher levels. This is the opposite of what happens in the West.

23
Q

Kerckhoff and Davis (1962)

A

Filter theory: partners are chosen using a series of filters to narrow down the options.
+
Before 18 months together, participants wanted similarity of attitudes, after 18 moths they wanted complimentary attitudes.

24
Q

Winch (1958)

A

Long-term, people are attracted to those whose needs are harmonious with their own (so sometimes opposite)

25
Q

Levinger et al. (1970)

A

Failed to replicate Kerckhoff and Davis’ findings.

26
Q

Duck (1973)

A

Filters allow people to predict future interactions on certain topics and so they can avoid partnering with people who they will have bad interactions with.

27
Q

Byrne et al. (1970)

A

Individuals are more likely to be attracted to people with whom they share lots of views rather than few.

28
Q

Hoyle (1993)

A

Perceived similarity may be more important than actual similarity.

29
Q

Tidwell et al. (2013)

A

Perceived similarity may more important than actual similarity.

30
Q

Dijkstra and Barelds (2008)

A

Similar traits are more important in an ideal partner than complementary traits.

31
Q

Thornton and Young-DeMarco (2001)

A

Attitudes change over time.

32
Q

Thibaut and Kelley (1959)

A

Social exchange theory: a cost/benefit analysis but for relationships.

33
Q

Kurdek and Schmitt (1986)

A

For heterosexual, homosexual, cohabiting and married couples: relationship satisfaction was associated with benefits of current relationship and weaknesses of alternatives.

34
Q

Kurdek (1993)

A

Relationships become less stable if one or both partners have a low level of dependence on the relationship.

35
Q

Sprecher (2001)

A

Exchange variable most important was how the partner compared to alternative.

36
Q

Littlejohn (1989)

A

Over time, benefits may become costs.

37
Q

Nakonezny and Denton (2008)

A

Costs and benefits are vague, relative and difficult to measure.

38
Q

Gottman and Levenson (1992)

A

In successful marriages ratio of benefits to costs was 5:1 but in unsuccessful marriages this was only 1:1.

39
Q

Christensen et al. (2004)

A

2/3 of couples treated with Integrated Behavioural Couples Therapy (IBCT) reported significant improvement in their relationship.

40
Q

Schafer and Keith (1980)

A

In the child-rearing years, couples are usually unequal and so marital satisfaction dips.

41
Q

Stafford and Canary (2006)

A

Satisfaction was highest for spouses in marriages perceived to be equitable.

42
Q

Hatfield and Rapson (2011)

A

Equity is most important in the early stages of relationships, committed couples tend not to keep score of equity.
+
When the marriage becomes unsatisfying, partners become preoccupied with its failings, causing more dissatisfaction.

43
Q

Byers and Wang (2004)

A

Couples in equitable marriages have longer marriages and are less likely to risk extra marital affairs.

44
Q

Huseman et al. (1987)

A

Equity sensitivity: people differ in sensitivity to inequality = ‘benevolents’, ‘equity sensitives’ and ‘entitleds’.

45
Q

DeMarris et al. (2010)

A

Women perceive themselves are more under-benefited than men do and are more disturbed by being under-benefited. Women, overall, are more equity sensitive.

46
Q

Sprecher (1992)

A

Women feel more guilt than men at being over-benefited.

47
Q

Aumer-Ryan et al. (2006)

A

Across many cultures, equity is most important. USA was the most equitable, Jamaica was the least.

48
Q

Brosnan and de Waal (2003)

A

Female capuchin monkeys become angry if they are not treated and rewarded equally.

49
Q

Brosnan et al. (2005)

A

Chimpanzees were more upset by inequality in casual relationships than they were by inequality in intimate relationships.

50
Q

Clark (1984)

A

Focusing on equity is a sign of trouble in marriages.

51
Q

Van Yperen and Buunk (1990)

A

People who realised they were in inequitable marriages became less satisfied over the course of a year, not the other way around.

52
Q

Rusbult (1980)

A

Investment model of relationships.

53
Q

Le and Agnew (2003)

A

Across cultures, satisfaction, quality of alternatives and investment were highly correlated with commitment. Satisfaction was the most important of the three.

54
Q

Le et al. (2010)

A

The most important predictor of staying or leaving a relationship was investment.

55
Q

Rusbult et al. (1998)

A

Created an ‘Investment Model Scale’ to reliably, and with validity, measure investment.

56
Q

Rusbult and Martz (1995)

A

Investment and poor quality of alternatives explain why battered women remain committed to their husbands.

57
Q

Goodfriend and Agnew (2008)

A

Investment should also include future investment plans.

58
Q

Duck (1982)

A

Phase model of relationship breakdown.

59
Q

La Gaipa (1982)

A

People leaving relationships need to retain their ‘social credit’ in order to form new relationships in the future.

60
Q

Duck (2005)

A

He did not include relationship growth after breakdown in his original model and the social phase depends entirely on the nature of the relationship involved.

61
Q

Rollie and Duck (2006)

A

Added ‘resurrection processes’ to the phase model wherein people engage in the process of personal growth.

62
Q

Frazier (2003)

A

Participants said they experienced personal growth as well as emotional distress following a breakup.

63
Q

Dickson (1995)

A

Young people get little support during breakup because there are ‘plenty more fish in the sea’; this is not true for older people.

64
Q

Monroe et al. (1999)

A

Students who had undergone a breakup were more likely to experience a major depressive disorder in that year for the first time.

65
Q

Tashiro and Frazier (2003)

A

People feel better about breakup when they focus on the environmental causes, not their own flaws.

66
Q

Jourard (1971)

A

‘Broadcasting self-disclosure’: levels of disclosure change depending on whether it takes place publicly or privately.

67
Q

Rubin (1975)

A

‘Strangers on a train’ study.

68
Q

Zhao et al. (2008)

A

Absence of gating allows previously gated individuals to engage in relationships. Online and offline worlds are not separate: digital selves can improve self-image and ability to communicate in the real world.

69
Q

Yurchisin et al. (2005)

A

Although online identities are kept close to reality, the truth is stretched and equivocated to present a more favourable veneer.

70
Q

Rosenfeld and Thomas (2012)

A

People with access to the internet are twice as likely to be in a relationship than those who aren’t. These online relationships were not more fragile or of lower quality than face-to-face relationships.

71
Q

Putnam (2000)

A

Internet relationships are superficial and cannot compare to face-to-face relationships.

72
Q

Tamir and Mitchell (2012)

A

The nuclei accumbens and the ventral tegmental area (both associated with reward) were active when people talk about themselves (this also results in increased pleasure).

73
Q

Baker and Oswald (2010)

A

Virtual relationships help shy people establish friendships, they value social media as and aid more than outgoing people.

74
Q

Weiss (1991)

A

Attachment theory explains parasocial relationships (PSRs).

75
Q

Leets et al. (1995)

A

Fans will engage in proximity seeking behaviour to feel closer to a celebrity.

76
Q

Cole Leets (1999)

A

Willingness to form PSRs is related to attachment type: insecure-resistants are most likely to form PSRs.

77
Q

Ashe and McCutcheon (2001)

A

People in PSRs are at no risk of rejection or criticism.

78
Q

McCutcheon et al. (2002)

A

Most people only enjoy celebrities for their entertainment or social value.

79
Q

Giles and Maltby (2006)

A

Used Celebrity Attitude Scale (CAS) to measure parasocial relationships.

80
Q

Lange et al.

A

Introversion and difficult social circumstances result in increased absorption in PSRs. If absorption is maintained then I leads to addiction.

81
Q

Schiappa et al. (2007)

A

Attractiveness of celebrity and similarity to viewer, as well as amount of TV watched, all affected likelihood of a PSR developing.

82
Q

Greenwood and Long (2009)

A

People develop PSRs as a way of dealing with loneliness and loss.

83
Q

Chory-Assad and Yanen (2005)

A

No relationship between intensity of loneliness and intensity of PSR.

84
Q

Eyal and Cohen (2006)

A

Relationships between PSRs and intensity of loneliness following a parasocial breakup.

85
Q

Maltby et al. (2003)

A

Used Eysenck Personality Questionnaire and linked it to absorption addiction model: ‘entertainment-social’ is extraversion, ‘intense-personal’ is neuroticism and ‘borderline-pathological’ is psychoticism.

86
Q

Cohen (2004)

A

Negative emotions at the loss of a PSR are the same as the negative emotions at the loss of a real relationship.

87
Q

Schmid and Klimmt (2011)

A

People from both collectivist cultures and individualist cultures show similar PSR patterns and can relate to the same celebrities.