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Flashcards in Random Deck (32)
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1
Q

loss of function in GAP1 (GTPase activating proteins) will cause formation of (R7 cells) . . .

A

multiple R7 cells

2
Q

Regarding R7 specification, what gene is required non-cell-autonomously?

A

boss

3
Q

constitutively active means . . .

A

always on

4
Q

constitutively active Sev vs Sev+

A
sev = always on working
sev+ = working gene (but not always on)
5
Q

each B cell expresses only on successfully rearranged immunoglobulin, because of . . .

A

allelic exclusion (one of the alleles is silenced)

6
Q

how does p53 function

A

disrupts formation of cyclin/CDK complex

7
Q

bicoid, nanos, toll, torso, dorsal are all what type of genes . . .

A

maternal effect

8
Q

conservation in the order of genes along the chromosome from different species vs same gene in different species from same parental species

A

synteny vs orthologs

9
Q

SNP stands for

A

single nucleotide polymorphism

10
Q

what are the symptoms of MERRF

A

seizures, ataxia, dementia, epileptic seizures

11
Q

Describe the notch pathway. What connects to notch? What transports the proteolytically cleaved notch to the nucleus?

A

DELTA protein attaches to notch receptor, Su(H) transports proteolytically cleaved notch to the nucleus to alter gene expression

12
Q

the RTK activates Ras through what??

A

RTK is phosphorylated, adaptor molecules attach and activate Ras

13
Q

Kruppel is repressed by . . .

activated by . . .

A

high levels of bicoid; low levels of bicoid and hunchback (HB)

14
Q

Knirps is repressed by . . .

activated by . . .

A

bicoid; low levels of hunchback

15
Q

Kruppel and knirps similarities, differences?

A

Both activated by low levels of hunchback; knirps repressed by bicoid, activated by low levels of hunchback

16
Q

________ complex contains five genes that specify HEAD and first 2 thoracic segments

A

Antennapedia

17
Q

_______ complex contains 3 genes that specify structures in the POSTERIOR portion of the second thoracic segment, and abdominal segments

A

bithorax

18
Q
antennapedia = \_\_\_\_\_\_
bithorax = \_\_\_\_\_
A
antennapedia = head
bithorax = tail
19
Q

moltuple sclerosis, insulin-dependent diabetes (type I), rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus, rheumatic fever are all . . .

A

autoimmune diseases

20
Q

kaposi sacroma is a . . .

A

viral cancer (caused by herpes virus)

21
Q

difference between c-onc and v-onc (introns)

A

c-onc have introns, v-onc don’t

22
Q

difference between c-onc and v-onc (proteins)

A

c-onc - encode active or inactive state proteins

v-onc - encode always active state proteins

23
Q

the epithelial-mesenchymal transition means . . .

A

metastasis occurs

24
Q

normal vs cancer cells: autocrine stimulation

A

normal: absent
cancer: present

25
Q

normal vs cancer cells: contact inhibition

A

normal: present
cancer: absent

26
Q

normal vs cancer cells: irradiation causing cell death

A

normal: present
cancer: absent

27
Q

normal vs cancer cells: gap junctions

A

normal: present
cancer: absent

28
Q

Knudson vs Lynn Margulis

A

Knudson - cancer is multi-step (thru RB studies)

Lynn Margulis - endosymbiont theory (mito are engulfed bacteria)

29
Q

the high level of genomic instability in cancer cells is known as the ________ _________

A

mutator phenotype

30
Q

BAX is a TSG or oncogene

A

TSG

31
Q

. . . inhibits BAX; therefore, inhibits cell apoptosis

A

Bcl-2

32
Q

narrow selection heritability equation (how to remember)

A

h_2 = Va / Vp = R / S (alphabetical order!)