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Flashcards in Race and Crime Deck (33)
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1
Q

What is race?

A

Physical/biological

2
Q

What is ethnicity?

A

Distinctive groups based on commonalities of culture, language, religion, etc.

3
Q

What is nationality?

A

Refers to legal citizenship of a particular nation-state

4
Q

What does it mean by race being socially constructed?

A

They are dynamic and subject to change

5
Q

What does it mean by crime being a social construct?

A

There is nothing that is innately deviant or criminal about any act

6
Q

What is symbolic interactionism ?

A

Rests on the assumption that our reality is socially constructed

7
Q

How are the meanings of symbols ascribed?

A

They are created through social interaction

8
Q

What were the results from a study showing the same CV to different employees but different race were listed?

A

Italians – 12% more applications

Indigenous – 35% more applications

Middle Eastern – 64% more applications

Chinese – 68% more applications

9
Q

What happened to the label of delinquent over time?

A

Over time the label of delinquent becomes internalised

10
Q

What did Merton distinguish in the self-fulfilling prophecy?

A

The perceptions of in-groups and out-groups

11
Q

What does the self-fulfilling prophecy ascribe?

A

Negative motivations and labels to members of out-groups

12
Q

What is primary deviance?

A

Essentially normal, experimental boundary testing

13
Q

What is secondary deviance?

A

Resulting from internalised pejorative labels applied by agents of social control

14
Q

Which deviance is more important in determining of futures offence?

A

Secondary deviance

15
Q

What does stigmatization refer to?

A

The process by which offenders are publicly identified and degraded

16
Q

What did Howard Beck highlight in his criminological research?

A

The role of moral entrepreneurs in identifying and criminalising deviancy

17
Q

How many Australians are born overseas?

A

26% of all Australians

18
Q

What is the statistical relationship between immigrants and offending?

A

Immigrants in general have the lowest rates of offending

First-generation immigrants (parents born overseas) offend more than their parents but still less than average

2nd+ generation Australians generally have the highest rates of offending

Exceptions are immigrants and descendants from New Zealand, Lebanon, Vietnam, Turkey and Romania

19
Q

What are the areas of life do immigrants experience disadvantage?

A

Higher than average unemployment

Lower earning/low status jobs

Lower levels of education

Reduced language competency

Residency in more affordable, higher-crime neighbourhoods

20
Q

What is a prolific case study about the link between race and crime?

A

Sudanese Australians

21
Q

What is the statistical quantity of Sudanese born Victorians & crime?

A

Small in overall terms but significant over-representation for a range of serious crimes

22
Q

What cultural risk factors are associated with the break down of traditional gender roles and familial status?

A

Financial power and independence

Language capability

Child freedom and differential adaptation

23
Q

What cultural risk factors are associated with conspicuous identification?

A

Media stereotyping

Discrimination & labeling

24
Q

What did the British declare Australia as when first colonized?

A

Terra nullius

25
Q

Who were the fighters representing the colonization of Australia?

A

Colonial mounted police forces

26
Q

How were Indigenous Australians recruited into policing?

A

Indigenous troopers were recruited through coercion, kidnapping and voluntary enlistment

27
Q

What were the cultures of resistance in Australia?

A

Continuum of antagonism, resistance and resentment between the state, particularly police, and Indigenous peoples

28
Q

What did Weatherburn and Snowball suggest in terms of race and crime?

A

The need to address the root causes of offending

29
Q

What is differential policing?

A

Differential policing refers to different policing strategies imposed on ethnic minorities

30
Q

What is the difference between Indigenous Australians and non-Indigenous Australians in terms of policing interaction?

A

Indigenous Australians much more likely to be arrested rather than cautioned by police than non-Indigenous Australians

31
Q

What are the three charges that characterize police-indigenous interactions?

A

Offensive language/behaviour

Resisting arrest/hindering police

Assault

32
Q

What are the negative consequences of police-indigenous interaction?

A

The deaths of Mulrunji Doomadgee in police custody on Palm Island and teenager TJ Hickey in Redfern in 2004 which sparked major riots

33
Q

How is the relationship between Indigenous Australians and other Australians being repaired?

A

The fostering of reconciliation between Indigenous and other Australians