name the 12 CN and whether they are sensory, motor, or both
I: olfactory- S II: optic- S III: occulomotor- M IV: Trochlear- M V: Trigmenial- B VI: Abducen- M VII: Facial- B VIII: Vesticubulococular- S IX: Glossopharyhngeal-B X: Vagus- B XI: Accessory- M XII: Hypoglossal- M
innervates structures of the body, such as voluntary muscle
somatic NS
monitors and controls visceral activity (sympathetic and parasympathetic)
autonomic (ANS)
“brain” structures consist of
cerebrum (R and L hemisphere)
subcortical structures
cerebellum (little brain)
brainstem (midbrain, pons, medulla)
what are the spinal cord segments
8 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 1 coccygeal
subcortical structures
- diencephalon
(Thalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus) - Basal ganglia
(straitum, caudate, putamne, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, subthalamic nucleus)
major nuclei
grand central station
thalamus
group of subcortical nuclei involved w/ movement and more
basal ganglia
semidetached mass of neural tissue anchored to the posterior brainstem
cerebellum
“little brain”
what is the cerebellum involved in?
sensory processing, postural control and coordination of voluntary movements
what are outgrowths of the CNS
optic nerve, retina, olfactory nerves
-considered CNS tissue
ataxia
the loss of full control of bodily movements
-problems with LE movement (appears drunk)
dysmetria
a lack of coordination of movement typified by the undershoot or overshoot of intended position with the hand, arm, leg, or eye.
problem/injury with cerebellum causes a person to
appear drunk-like
SC ends at what bony landmark
L2 (aka cauda equina)
L2 sits around waist line, L5 is at the sacrum
functional cell of the nervous system
neuron
EPSP
a postsynaptic potential that makes the neuron more likely to fire an action potential
IPSP
a kind of synaptic potential that makes a postsynaptic neuron less likely to generate an action potential.
a way of achieving an action potential in a neuron with input from multiple presynaptic cells
-the algebraic summation of potentials from different areas of input, usually on the dendrites
spatial summation
high frequency of action potentials in the presynaptic neuron elicits postsynaptic potentials that overlap and summate with each other. The effect is generated by a single neuron as a way of achieving action potential.
temporal summation
ganglia are formed by
a conglometate of cell bodies
tracts are formed by
axons
sensory information to brain from SC
sensory or afferent or ascending axons
motor info to periphery from brain
motor or efferent or descending
what is made of white matter
myelin
axons
tracts
what is made of grey matter
cell bodies
nuclei
what spinal cord segment does not have the middle horn?
lumbar or thoracic
important white matter areas of the cerebrum
corpus callosum
internal capsule
largest bundle of commissural fibers connecting L and R hemisphere
corpus callosum
“=”
-made of white matter
projection fibers that descend from brain, to the brainstem and SC; or ascend from lower centers to the cerebral cortex
internal capsule
“V”
-made of white matter
important grey matter areas of the cerebrum
cerebral cortex
basal ganglia
thalamus
the biggest ganglia of all
thalamus
other terms for cell bodies in a big group
nucleus, ganglion, body
other terms for bundles of axons
fasciculus, funiculus, lemniscus, peduncle, tract, nerve
other words for depression
fissure, sulcus; sulci
other words for ridge;ridges
gyrus, gyri
what comprises the limbic system
- cingulate sulcus and gyrus
- parahippocampal gyrus
- uncus
- isthmas
- amygdala
what are the basic functions of the frontal lobe
emotional control story of Phineas Gauge story executive function (planning, thinking things through, waiting your turn) decision making plan and execute language and movement
what are the basic functions of the parietal lobe
ensory (dermatomes, mechanical sensations of the body) spatial perception meaning out of what we see receives and processes sensory auditory personality movement
what are the basic functions of the occipital lobe
vision
what are the basic functions of the temporal lobe
receiving and understanding speech and language
memory
facial recognition (shared with parietal and occipital lobes)
what are the basic functions of the limbic system
emotional control
memory
survival related drive
what part of the brain responds to disgusting and unpleasant expereinces
anterior region of insular lobe
what part of the brain responds to negative feelings, foul odors, lousy/unfair deals
insular lobe
what lobe is pathologically involved in Schizophrenia, dementia, and Huntington’s disease
Insular lobe
regulates compositoin of fluid bathing neurons and glial cells (aka CSF)
ventricular system
where is the ventricular system located
bilaterally in cortex
-midline in brainstem and SC
what hemisphere is dominant for language most of the time
left
what is the right hemisphere dominant for
spatial perception