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1
Q

Who did research on coding and when?

A

Baddley, 1966

2
Q

What happened in Baddleys research?

A
Four groups were given a different list of words to remember:
Group 1: acoustically similar 
Group 2: acoustically dissimilar 
Group 3: semantically similar 
Group 4: semantically dissimilar
3
Q

What did Baddely find?

A

When participants recalled the list immediately after eye did worse on acoustically similar words
When participants recalled the list after a 20 minute interval they did worse on semantically dissimilar words

4
Q

Who did research on capacity and digit span?

A

Jacobs, 1887

5
Q

What did Jacobs do?

A

He measured digit span by giving participants 4 digits to remember, if they recalled this correctly then they would get 5 and so on

6
Q

What did Jacobs find?

A

Mean sons for digits was 9.3

Mean span for letters was 7.3

7
Q

Who did research into span of memory?

A

Miller, 1956

8
Q

What did Miller do?

A

Mde observations of everyday practice e.g. by recording how things come in 7s such as phone numbers

9
Q

What did Miller find?

A

Span of STM is 7±2

10
Q

Who did research into duration of STM?

A

Peterson, 1959

11
Q

How did Peterson carry out the study?

A

24 students
Each given a consonant syllable and a 3 digit number
To prevent rehearsal of they syllable they had to recall the number backwards until told to stop
Each time they would be told to stop after a different length of time

12
Q

What did Peterson find out?

A

The longer the retention interval was the lower the % of correct responses
Shows STM may have very short duration

13
Q

Who carried research out into duration of LTM?

A

Bahrick, 1975

14
Q

What did Bahrick do?

A

Studies 392 participants ages 17-74
Recall from school was tested on:
1- photo recognition test consisting of 50 photos
2- free recall test where they recalled all names

15
Q

What did Bahrick find out?

A

Participants who graduated within 15 years were about 90% accurate with photo recognition and 60% on free recall
Those who graduated after 48 years were about 70% accurate with photo recognition and 30% with free recall

16
Q

Who conducted research into context dependant forgetting?

A

Godden and Baddeley, 1975

17
Q

How did Godden and Baddeley carry out their study?

A
Divers learnt a list of words either on land or underwater and then asked to recall the words:
Learn on land- recall on land
Learn on land - recall underwater 
Learn underwater- recall underwater 
Learn underwater- recall on land
18
Q

What did Godden and Baddeley find?

A

Accurate recall was 40% lower in the non matching conditions

19
Q

Who carried out research into state dependent forgetting?

A

Carter and Cassaday, 1998

20
Q

What happened in Carter and Cassadays research?

A

Participants were given anti histamine drugs that make you feel drowsy
Participants had to learn a list of words
Learn on drug- recall on drug
Learn in drug- recall not on drug
Leran not on drug- recall not on drug
Learn not on drug- recall on drug

21
Q

What did Carter and Cassaday find out?

A

When cues were absent there is more forgetting as when there was a different in the internal state recall was worse

22
Q

Who carried out research into leading questions?

A

Loftus and Palmer, 1974

23
Q

What did Loftus and Palmer do?

A

Participants watched clips of car accidents and then answered questions about it
there were leading questions suggesting how fast the car was travelling

24
Q

What did Loftus and Palmer find out?

A

Contacted- mean speed was 31.8 mph
Smashed- mean speed was 40.5 mph
Leading questions biased the eyewitness recall of an event

25
Q

Who conducted research into post event discussion?

A

Gabbert, 2003

26
Q

What did Gabbert do?

A

Participants were studied in pairs
Each person in a pair watched a clip of a crime from a different perspective
Both people then discussed what they saw

27
Q

What did Gabbert find out?

A

715 of participants mistakenly recalled aspect of events they did not see in the video but had picked up from the discussion

28
Q

Who carried out a study into the negative effects of anxiety on recall?

A

Johnson and Scott, 1976

29
Q

What did Johnson and Scott do?

A

One group of participants were in the low anxiety group
They were seated in a waiting room
They heard an argument and a man walked out holding a pen
Another group were the high anxiety group
they were waiting in the same waiting room and heard the same argument
This time a man walked out holding a blooded knife
Later the participants had to pick out the man form 50 photos

30
Q

What did Johnson and Scott find?

A

49% of low anxiety group identified him
33% of high anxiety group identified the man
Tunnel theory- witnesses attention focuses on weapon because of fear

31
Q

Who did research into anxiety having a positive effect on recall?

A

Yullie and Cutshall, 1968

32
Q

What Yullie and Cutshall do?

A

Asked participants of witnesses to real life shooting to conduct an interview
They were asked to say how stressed they felt at the time
They also had to recall details about the accident

33
Q

What did Yullie and Cutshall find?

A

Thos who reported highest on the scale were most accurate at 88% compared to 75%