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Flashcards in Public Administration Final Exam Deck (48)
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1
Q

The Spoils System

A

Practice of awarding government jobs to one’s political supporters, as opposed to awarding them on the basis of merit

2
Q

Veteran’s Preference

A

Special merit earned by a service man or woman who had honorable military service… Extended to wives and widows of veterans….. Variant of patronage when veterans were given first preference for jobs after the civil war

3
Q

Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972

A

Amendment to title 12 of the civil rights act that strengthened the authority of the equal employment commission and extended antidiscrimination provisions to state and local governments and labor organizations with 15 or more employees, and to public and private employee agencies

4
Q

Equal Employment Opportunity

A

Refers to employment procedures and practices that are intentionally or unintentionally discriminatory in the areas of race, color, gender, religion, and national origin… Now includes age, pregnancy and disabilities.

5
Q

Title XII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964

A

Federal law that prohibits employees from discriminating against employees based on sex, race, color, national origin, and religion….. banned pregnancy discrimination

6
Q

Transformational Theory of Leadership

A

Leadership that strives to change organizational culture and directions. It reflects the ability of a leader to develop a values-based vision for the organization, to convert the vision into reality, and to maintain it over time.

7
Q

Transactional Theory of Leadership

A

Leadership is a series of transactions between a leader and follower and other environmental stakeholders. Occurs when the leaders rewards or disciplines the follower based on the adequacy of the follower’s performance. Better than trait because it explains why leaders are more successful at some times and not others.

8
Q

Contingency Theory of Leadership

A

Approach defines leaders who take their cues and develop their leadership styles based on the situation, rather than following “the one best way” factors that matter are structure of organization, external environment, orientation of values, expert or professional knowledge.

9
Q

Micromanagement

A

Can lead employees to extreme stress and even violence. It does not make an incompetent employee more competent, it only damages interpersonal relationships and distracts manager from overall long-term strategy for the unit and for the organization

10
Q

Over Management

A

Variation of Micromanagement, situation where there are too many managers for the task… Turf building by expanding your role and inserting into as many situations as possible

11
Q

French and Raven’s 5 Kinds of Leadership Power

A

Expert Power, Referent Power, Reward Power, Legitimate Power, Coercive Power

12
Q

Expert Power

A

Comes from knowledge, ability and education

13
Q

Reward Power

A

Comes from rewarding capabilities of leadership

14
Q

Referent Power

A

Comes from the degree to which a leader is liked

15
Q

Coercive Power

A

Comes from punitive/coercive leadership ability

16
Q

Pendleton Act of 1883

A

In a time of corruption, the act created the US civil service commission and mandated open competitive examinations, probationary periods, protection from political pressures, and examinations that were “practical in character” (Tests were meant to measure the person for the job, not the job for the person).

17
Q

Social Equity

A

Fairness, egalitarianism, protection or rights, and equal treatment in the delivery of services

18
Q

Line-Item Budget

A

Classification of budgetary accounts according to narrow, detailed objects of expenditure used within a particular agency of government, generally without reference to the ultimate purpose or objective served by the expenditure.

19
Q

Audit

A

Process of classifying, measuring, and interpreting financial transactions to provide management with information upon which to base economic decisions.. Now include independent assessments of such things as environmental, social, and infrastructural issues

20
Q

Government Accountability Office

A

Auditing the federal government is the responsibility of the GAO. Serves as a support agency to audit federal government expenditures and assist the congress in its legislative oversight responsibilities. A GAO audit should include Financial and Compliance Audits, Economy and Efficiency Audits, Program Results

21
Q

Compliance Audit

A

Traditional form of auditing where the auditor is looking for the extent to which an organization’s funds have been managed in compliance with the law, and that accepted standards and conventions for the treatment of account information have been used. Also looks at regulations that may have a material effect on financial statements

22
Q

Performance Audit

A

An audit that compares the activities of an organization with the objectives that have been assigned to it…..

23
Q

Performance Audit Chain

A

Measuring for efficiency and effectiveness…. Efficiency measures the activities of an organization compared to the objectives that have been assigned to it…. Effectiveness measures the extent to which politically set objectives have been achieved to the broader question of whether objectives were right in the first place

24
Q

Financial Audit

A

Determines whether the financial statements of an audited entity present fairly the financial position and the results of financial operations in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.

25
Q

Comprehensive Audit

A

Measures of efficiency and effectiveness, Must Include
• Financial and compliance that determines whether funds are properly spent
• Economy and efficiency that determines whether resources have been used appropriately
Program results that determine whether the desired results have been achieved

26
Q

Entrepreneurialism

A

Managers must be transformational leaders who strive to change organizational culture…. Must be able to account and plan for the future.

27
Q

Three Standards against which a program can be evaluated

A
  • Compliance- Are government transactions being conducted in accordance to law.
  • Efficiency- Are government Agencies getting optimum productivity out of the resources they expend
  • Effectiveness- Is the Expenditure of government resources for a specific purpose contributing sufficiently to the achievement of that purpose
28
Q

Organization Responsible for oversight of Federal Labor Management Relations

A

The National Labor Relations Board was created in 1935 by the National Labor Relations Act to oversee private-sector relations…… The Federal Labor Relations Authority- Created by the Civil Service Reform Act. This agency includes the Federal Labor impasses panel which solves negotiation impasses.

29
Q

Workplace Intolerance Toward Those Who Are Different

A

Discrimination- Bigotry in Practice; Intolerance toward those who are of different races of have different religious beliefs

30
Q

Representative Bureaucracy

A

Ultimate goal of equal employment opportunity and affirmative action programs… Donald Kingsley stated that all social groups have a right to participate in their governing institutions

31
Q

Types of Discrimination

A
  • Sexual Discrimination- Disparate or unfavorable treatment of a person in an employment situation because of his or her gender
  • Pregnancy Discrimination- Discrimination on the basis of pregnancy, childbirth, or related medical conditions
  • Age Discrimination- Discrimination based on age
  • Disabilities Discrimination- A person who has physical or mental impairment…. A person who has a record of such impairment…. A person who is regarded as having such an impairment…
  • Sexual Orientation Discrimination- Based on sexual identity and preference.
32
Q

Internal Audit

A

Audits conducted from within an organization. The Inspector General act created 12 IGS to do internal audits and review agency operations and processes.

33
Q

Program Evaluation

A

Systematic examination of any activity or group of activities undertaken by government to make a determination about their effects both short and long range.

34
Q

Policy Analysis

A

Set of techniques that seeks to answer the question of what the probable effects of a policy will be before they actually occur….. Policy analysis is before and Program Evaluation is during of after.

35
Q

Chester Barnards Essential Functions of Leaders

A
  1. Provide a System of Communication
  2. Promote the Securing of Essential Efforts
  3. Formulate and define the purposes and goals of an organization
36
Q

Transactional Approaches to Leadership

A

Authoritarian (Controlling) Democratic (Participative) Laissez Faire (Hands-off)

37
Q

Stogdill’s Assessment of Contingency Theory

A

Situation depends on Structure, External Environment, Orientation, Expert or Professional Knowledge

38
Q

Moral Leadership

A

Leaders are not only Satisfied with good outcomes but are also focused upon an operation’s ethics and values as a way to accomplish productivity

39
Q

Bully Pulpit

A

Great Presidents have traditionally used their Bully pulpit and ability to use speechmaking to exhort the public to support policies to move public opinion

40
Q

Execucrats

A

Career executives who are neither elected nor appointed to office… Greater Expertise and High Moral Authority

41
Q

Management Development

A

Undertaken in Organizations as an investment in human capital to develop leadership for the organization

42
Q

Assessment Programs

A

Geared Toward distinguishing which individuals have the potential to move to a management program, typically observe individuals in simulations of problem-solving, often within stressful situations

43
Q

Social Darwinism

A

Inhibited the growth of Social Equity, through its concepts of survival of the fittest and natural selection the concept justified child labor and many other abuses of US citizens.

44
Q

Affirmative Action

A

Meant the removal of artificial barrier to employment for minorities and women in the federal service.

45
Q

Meritor v. Vinson

A

Sexual Harassment defined by Quid Quo Pro and Hostile Environment

46
Q

Evaluation Metrics

A

Is the organization doing the right thing…. Is the organization doing things right….. Have the outputs made a difference…… Have the outcomes had impact

47
Q

GRPA Modernization Act

A

Requires federal agencies to produce a new strategic plan by the first monday in Februrary following the year in which the term of the president commences

48
Q

Forecasting

A

The attempts to determine the supply and demand for various types of human resources to predict areas within the organization where there will be labor shortages or surpluses