Psychosocial Development Flashcards
Freud’s theory of personality development
childhood phases of development correspond to successive shifts in the investment of sexual energy to areas of the body associated with eroticism
Freud’s Stages
Oral (1st year) Anal (1-3) Phallic (3-5/6) Latency 5/6-12 Genital (12-18)
Erikson’s Psychosocial Crises
accepted Freud’s theory of infantile sexuality but constructed model of life cycle that extended into old age
successful negotiation of each developmental task results in specific strengths
Trust vs Mistrust (1st year), Hope
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (1-3), Will
Initiative vs. Guild (3-5/6), Purpose
Industry vs. Inferiority (5/6-12), Competence
Identity vs. Role Confusion (12-18), Fidelity
Intimacy vs. Isolation (18-35), Love
Generativity vs. Stagnation (35-60), Care
Integrity vs. Despair (60+), Wisdom
Mahler’s theory of separation and individuation
separation is the process of becoming a discrete physical entity by physically distancing
individuation is the process of becoming a psychologically independent person, which involves maturation of independent ego functions
Mahler’s 6 stages
Normal Infantile Autism (1st month) Symbiosis (2-4 months) DIfferentiation (5-10 months) Practicing (10-16 months) Rapprochement (16-24 months) Object Constancy (2-3 years)
Normal Infantile Autism
Mahler
1st month
baby unaware of external word (not supported by research)
Symbiosis
Mahler
2-4 months
baby feels that she and mother are one, rather than separate entities
DIfferentiation
Mahler
5-10 months
stranger able to distinguish between self and other objects
ushers in stranger anxiety as child is increasingly aware of the unfamiliar
Practicing
Mahler
10-16 months
child discovers the ability to physically separate the self from the mother
child initially crawls and then moves to free, upright locomotion, which paradoxically creates stranger anxiety
Rapprochement
Mahler
16-24 months
increased need for the mother to share the child’s new skills and experience and great need for love
Object Constancy
Mahler
2-3 years
ability to maintain the image of the mother when she is not present, as well as unifying the good and bad into a whole representation
Levinson’s theory - Season’s of a Man’s life
development proceeds through alternative periods of transition and stability
interviewed 40 men with professional jobs (excluded low SES, women)
woman’s role is that of fulfilling her husband’s dreams
when woman is no longer needed by her husband and children, she can begin to form her own identity
Levinson’s Seasons of a Man’s Life - 8 stages
Early Adult Transition (17-22) Entering the Adult World (22-28) Age 30 Transition (28-33) Settling Down (33-40) Mid-Life Transition (40-45) Middle Adulthood (45-50 Age 50 transition Late Adulthood (
Early Adult Transition
Levinson
17-22
person starts to change the sense of self that he developed during childhood and beings to make some tentative choices about his life as an adult
Entering the Adult World
Levinson
22-28
person consolidates the choices made earlier
Age 30 transition
Levinson
28-33
establishing patterns of adult life, which may include reconsideration of choices made before
person may feel as if he has little time left to establish his life, which may make this a very stressful period
Settling Down
Levinson
33-40
person has settled into his commitments as an adult
Mid-Life Transition
Levinson
40-45
involves a change in perspective from “time since birth” to “time left to live”
Middle Adulthood
Levinson
45-50
person begins to relinquish the perspective of early adulthood and make major adjustments as a result of this change in perspective
Age 50 transition
Levinson
involves making changes associated with entering this decade of life
Late Adulthood
Levinson
involves developmental tasks associated with this stage of life, e.g. retirement, death, etc
Conrad Lorez
Found that ducklings that had imprinted on him between 12 and 17 hours after birth continued to follow him even when other ducks later became available as models
Harry Harlow
“contact comfort” - highlighted the importance of pleasurable tactile sensations as a contributor to attachment behavior
found that monkeys spent more time clinging to terry cloth surrogate mothers, even if feeding done by wire mother
when frightened, monkey ran to terry cloth mother for security
also found that monkeys placed in isolation the first few months of life showed abnormal and autistic-like social and sexual behaviors
when placed with normally reared monkeys, significant but not complete remission of pathology
John Bowlby
formulated attachment theory
proposed that attachment is crucial to healthy development
proposed that newborns are biologically equipped with both verbal and non-verbal behaviors (e.g. crying, clinging, smiling) that function to elicit instinctive nurturing responses from the caretaker
Bowlby’s sequence of behavior when children under 2 years old are placed in institutions and separated from their mothers for extended periods of time (e.g. over 3 months)
1) Protest - crying, calling out, searching for lost person
2) Despair - signs of hopelessness that mother will ever return
3) Detachment - child emotionally separates self from mother; child responds in indifferent manner when mother returns
Rene Spitz coined term _______
“anaclytic depression”
described syndrome of weepiness, withdrawal, insomnia, decline of health, and affect found in babies deprived of maternal attention somewhere between 6 and 8 months of age
Mary Ainsworth
Strange Situation procedure 3 levels of attachment Secure Attachment Avoidant Attachment Ambivalent (Resistant) Attachment
Secure Attachment
Ainsworth
65% of babies
warm and responsive
when exposed to stranger seek closeness and contact with mother, may show moderate distress upon separation, and greet mother with enthusiasm when she returns
parenting style of sensitive and responsive caregiving is associated with secure attachment
Avoidant Attachment
Ainstworht
20% of babies
do not seek closeness and contact with mother
treat mother like a stranger, rarely cry when she leaves the room, ignores her on return
may even prefer stranger to mother
caregiving style of aloofness and distance, or intrusiveness and overstimulation, is associated with avoidant attachment
Ambivalent (Resistant) Attachment
Ainsworth
10% of babies
clingy and become upset when mother leaves the room
when mother returns, babies are happy and reestablish contact, but show their ambivalence by then resisting mother’s comforting behaviors
may cry, kick, squirm to get away
do little exploring and appear angry towards mother and stranger
caregiving style - inconsistent and insensitive
DIsorganized-Disoriented Attachment
Fourth Attachment Pattern
Main & Solomon
exhibit no clear strategy in dealing with the mother
may be unresponsive when mother returns, may avoid or resist mother, may freeze or stop moving when mother comes near
exhibit fear and confusion toward mother
commonly associated with abuse of the infant or unresolved abuse of the caretaker
least secure pattern of attachment