Psych/Soc Class 4 Flashcards

1
Q

OCEAN model

A
Openness to experience
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeablness
Neuroticism
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2
Q

Theories of Personality

A
  • Life course perspective
  • Psychoanalytic perspective
  • Humanist perspective
  • Behaviorist perspective
  • Social cognitive perspective
  • Trait perspective
  • Biological perspective
  • Behavioural genetics
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3
Q

Personality

A

Our thoughts, feelings, ways of thinking about things, beliefs and behaviours
- core component of who we consider ourselves to be

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4
Q

Life course perspective

A

A multidisciplinary approach developed to understand individual lives from a cultural, social & structural perspective

  • age & health
  • demographics
  • disability prevalence
  • SES
  • Family structure
  • major life events
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5
Q

Psychoanalytic perspective

A

Personality is shaped by the unconscious

Libido (life drive) - behaviour is focused on survival, pleasure, avoidance of pain

Death drive - behaviour is destructive/dangerous, want to hurt oneself or others

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6
Q

ID, Ego, Superego

A

ID - largely unconscious, focused on pleasure & avoiding pain
Ego - responsible for logical thinking & planning as we deal with reality
Superego - responsible for moral judgements of right and wrong, strives for perfection

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7
Q

Freud’s psychosexual stages

A
Oral (0-1 yrs)
Anal (1-3 yrs)
Phallic (3-6 yrs)
Latency (6-12 yrs)
Genital (12+ yrs)
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8
Q

Erikson’s psychosocial stages

A
Trust vs Mistrust (Infancy)
Autonomy vs Shame (Early childhood)
Initiative vs Guilt (Pre-school age)
Industry vs Inferiority (School age)
Identity vs Role confusion (Adolescence)
Intimacy vs Isolation (Early adulthood)
Generativity vs Stagnation (Middle adulthood)
Integrity vs Despair (Late adulthood)
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9
Q

Humanist perspective

A

Driven by an actualizing tendency to realize their highest potential & personality conflicts arise when it’s thwarted

Carl Rogers - main goal of development is establishment of differentiated self-concept

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10
Q

When is self-actualization accomplished?

A

When parents exhibit unconditional positive regard

* Those raised with conditional positive regard will only feel worth when they’ve met certain conditions

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11
Q

Behaviourist perspective

A

Personality is a result of learned behaviour patterns based on our environment

B.F. Skinner - personality is interaction bw individual & environment, only observable/measurable behaviors are of interest; personality is deterministic (people begin as a blank slate then reinforcement & punishment completely determine subsequent behaviors & personalities)

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12
Q

Social cognitive perspective

A

Personality is a result of reciprocal interactions among behavioural, cognitive & environmental factors

Albert Bandura - patterns of behaviour are learned not just through classical & operant conditioning but also through observational learning; cognitive processes are involved in both observational learning & development of beliefs about self-efficacy
–> Bobo doll experiment

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13
Q

Vicarious reinforcement

A

Imitating behaviour others are rewarded for

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14
Q

Trait perspective

A

Personality is result of traits which are habitual patterns of behaviour, thought & emotion that are relatively stable over time

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15
Q

Cardinal traits

A

Rare & develop later in life; dominate individual’s whole life to the point that the person becomes known specifically for that trait (dispositional)

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16
Q

Central traits

A

General characteristics that form the basic foundations of personality & describe people across different situations (dispositional)

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17
Q

Secondary traits

A

Sometimes related to attitudes or preferences; dependent on situation (situational)

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18
Q

Hans Eysenck

A

Associated with trait theory & proposed that genetics primarily determine personality

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19
Q

Biological perspective

A

Personality is the result of individual differences in brain biology

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20
Q

Shared vs Nonshared environment

A

Shared - the environment shared by siblings reared in the same family
Nonshared - the environment unique to the individual

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21
Q

Hertiability

A

A metric used to determine how much of a variation is caused by genetic differences

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22
Q

Monozygotic vs Dizygotic twins

A

Monozygotic share 100% of their genes while dizygotic share 50% therefore identical twins are more alike based on genes

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23
Q
Therapeutic approaches
Perspective: Psychoanalytic 
- Root of personality
- How to treat
- Therapy
A
  • unconscious
  • deal with repressed childhood memory “couch therapy”
  • psychodynamic, psychotherapy
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24
Q
Therapeutic approaches
Perspective: Humanistic 
- Root of personality
- How to treat
- Therapy
A
  • Self-concept
  • develop unconditional +ve regard, idealized & real self aligning
  • “client”-centered therapy
25
Q
Therapeutic approaches
Perspective: Behavioural
- Root of personality
- How to treat
- Therapy
A
  • Shaped by the environment
  • reinforcement & punishment
  • behavioural therapy
26
Q
Therapeutic approaches
Perspective: Social Cognitive 
- Root of personality
- How to treat
- Therapy
A
  • behaviour, environment & cognitions
  • learned helplessness (reinforce better thoughts, provide better models)
  • cognitive behavioural therapy
27
Q

Motivation

A

Driving force that causes us to act or behave in certain ways including: instincts, drives, needs & arousal

28
Q

Instincts

A

Unlearned behaviours in fixed patterns throughout species

29
Q

Drives

A

Urges arising from physiological discomfort such as dry throat

30
Q

Arousal

A

Restlessness, boredom or curiosity may motivate behaviour even when other needs are met

31
Q

Needs

A

Biological needs & “higher level” needs such as love and belonging

32
Q

Drive Reduction Theory

A

Physiological need creates an aroused state that drives an organism to address that need by engaging in some behaviour that will reduce the arousal

33
Q

Maslow’s Pyramid

A

Bottom - Top:
Physiological needs (food, water, sex)
Safety Needs (shelter, stability,, order)
Love & belonging (need to be loved and give love)
Esteem needs (need to be recognizied)
Self-actualization (reach full potential

34
Q

Abraham Maslow

A

Explains human behaviour as motivated by a hierarchy of needs

35
Q

Components of emotion

A

Physiological (bodily)
- arousal or an excitation of body’s internal state (eg. heart pounding)

Cognitive (mental)
- appraisal & interpretation of situation (assessing situation)

Behavioural (action)
- expressive behaviours that accompany emotion (eg. crying)

36
Q

Theories of emotion

A

James-Lange theory:
Stimulus —> physiological response —> emotions
- physiological arousal causes emotion
- discredited unless for specific phobia

Cannon-Bard:
Stimulus —> 1) physiological response 2) Emotion
- emotion & physiological arousal happen simultaneously

Schachter-Singer:
Stimulus —> Physiological response —> cognitive interpretation —> Emotions
- emotion is determined by arousal & context
- known as ‘two factor theory’ because emotion begins as physiological arousal which brain then attempts to interpret and label

37
Q

Universal Emotions

A
Happiness
Sadness
Surprise
Disgust
Anger
Fear
*Joy
38
Q

Yerkes-Dodson Law

A

There is an optimal level of emotional arousal for performance
- you want emotional arousal to a certain level but not too much because it will inhibit performance

39
Q

How is emotion adaptive?

A
  • Enhances survival by prompting quick decisions
  • Promotes group cohesion & solidarity
  • Helps in decision-making on a daily basis
40
Q

Stressors

A

Events that pose a threat to our physical or mental well-being

41
Q

Types of Stressors

A

Daily hassles
- everyday irritations in life (eg. traffic)

Significant life changes
- personal events with major impact on our lives; can be pleasant (eg. marriage) or unpleasant (eg. divorce)

Catastrophes
- unpredictable large-scale events (eg. natural disasters and wartime events)

Ambient Stressors
- Part of our environment (eg. pollution)

42
Q

Limbic System

A

Responsible for emotion processing & formation of memories

43
Q

Hippocampus

A

Part of limbic system

  • very important in converting things in your mind (STM) into things you’ll remember forever (LTM)
  • if damaged, cannot code for new memories; known as ‘anterograde amnesia’
44
Q

Reaction Formation

A

Characterized by behaving in a manner that’s actually the opposite of one’s true feelings

45
Q

Displacement

A

Involves shifting a forbidden desire or impulse onto another object of desire or interest that is more acceptable

46
Q

Projection

A

Involves placing feelings that are forbidden or unacceptable in some way onto another person

47
Q

HPA Axis

A

Hypothalamus Pituitary Adrenal Axis

  • major endocrine system that controls reactions to stress & regulates diff body processes
  • complex set of direct influences & feedback interaction among HPA organs
48
Q

Cognitive Appraisal of stress

A
  • very imp in eliminating stress
    Primary response: initial evaluation, focuses directly on present threat: 1) irrelevant? 2) benign or positive? 3) dangerous or threatening?

Secondary response: evaluation of our ability to cope with stressor (damage caused and how to deal with situation)

49
Q

Social support

A

Perception or reality that one is member of a supportive social network

  • support can be tangible, informational, emotional or companionable
  • imp in reducing psychological distress & increasing physical health
50
Q

Models of Social Support

A
  1. Buffering hypothesis
    - social support serves as a protective layer creating psychological distance between a person & stressful events
  2. Direct effects hypothesis
    - social support provides better health & wellness benefits; healthier people are better able to manage stress
51
Q

General Adaptation Syndrom

A

3 stages

  1. Alarm - similar to fight or flight rx
  2. Resistance - body becomes resistant to stressor
  3. Exhaustion - if we have chronic stress, our body gives up
52
Q

Cognitive Dissonance

A

Suggests we feel tension (dissonance) whenever we hold two thoughts or beliefs (cognitions) that are incompatible or when our attitudes & behaviours don’t match

  • in order to reduce it, we make our view of the world match how we feel or what we’ve done
  • Must change our beliefs to match our behaviour or change our behaviour to match our belief
53
Q

Attitude

A

Our evaluation (+ to -) of other people, events, etc

  • formed from past and present experience
  • are measurable and mutable
  • imp impact on emotions & behaviours
54
Q

3 components of attitude

A

Affect - our feelings about the person, event or object
Behaviour - our internal & external responses to the person, event or object
Cognitive - our thoughts & beliefs about the person, event or object

55
Q

Instances where attitude influences behaviour

A
  1. When social influences are reduced
  2. When general patterns of behaviour, not specific behaviours, are observed
  3. When specific attitudes rather than general attitudes are considered
  4. When self-reflection occurs
56
Q

Instances where behaviour influences attitude

A
  1. When role playing
  2. When we make public declaration
  3. When you put a lot of effort into something (justification of effort)
57
Q

Principle of aggregation

A

Attitude affects a person’s aggregate/avg behaviour, but not necessarily each isolated act

58
Q

What’s included in the limbic system?

A

Collection of brain structures responsible for emotional experience:

  • main structure: amygdala
  • -> deep within the brain & serves as conductor of our emotional experiences
  • -> The amygdala communicates with the hypothalamus
  • Hypothalamus
  • -> controls physiological aspects of emotion, such as sweating and a racing heart
  • hippocampus
  • -> brain structure that plays a key role in forming memories