Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Y2 LCRS 2 - NMH, Psych, Anatomy of Limbs, Head, Neck & Spine, Musculoskeletal > PSYCH; Lecture 13 and 14 - Psychobiology of disease and Psychological interventions > Flashcards

PSYCH; Lecture 13 and 14 - Psychobiology of disease and Psychological interventions Flashcards

1
Q

What is the biopsychosocial model?

A

x

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is stress?

A
  • Can be a stimulus -> events that place strong demands on us, known as stressors.
  • Can be a response -> physiological response is fight-flight response; also presence of negative emotions inc. feeling tense, difficulty concentrating and losing your temper easily.
  • Combination of stimulus and response as a person-situation interaction
    • Stress can be defined as a pattern of cognitive appraisals, emotional reactions, physiological responses and behavioural tendencies that occur in response to a perceived imbalance between situational demands (primary appraisal) and the resources needed to cope with them (secondary appraisal).
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the response to stress?

A

Sympathetic response in all these organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the effects of stress?

A

Adrenocortical axis is activated, with cortisol being released

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the General adaptation syndrome?

A

When a stressor occurs, there is the initial shift to sympathetic dominance, which eventually will lead to exhaustion of adrenal glands, after the body has been under stress for too long

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is cognitive appraisal in relation to stress?

A

x

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is Yerkes-Dodson law?

A

x

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the pathways from stress to disease?

A

x

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is anxiety and stress associated with?

A

52% increased risk of developing CVD, independent of traditional risk factors and depression.

Heightened cortisol is associated with greater extent of coronary artery calcification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the effects of stress?

A

Wounds take 40% longer to heal during stress (exams in this study), due to decreased production of IL-1 by 68%. Immunosuppression occurs during stressful events

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are features of type A behaviour?

A

Time urgency, free-floating hostility, hyperagressiveness, focus on accomplishment, competitive and goal driven. Have a 31% increased risk of CHD than type B

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are features of type B behaviour?

A

Patience, serenity and lack of time urgency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the role of depression in CHD?

A

Both etiologic and prognostic role; with relative risk of depression leading to onset of CHD = 1.64-1.9 higher; 2-2.5x higher risk of mortality in first 2 years -> thought to be due to physiological changes (platelet activity) to behavioural changes (levels of physical activity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are 3 different coping strategies for stress?

A

Those with adequate social relationships have 50% greater likelihood of survival compared to those with poor/insufficient social relationships -> exert an independent effect beyond protective psychological role

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the signs of stress burnout in the medical profession?

A

x

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How can you manage stress?

A
  • Organisation
  • Time management
  • Recognising stress
  • Appraisal review e.g. role of perfectionism or self-criticism
  • Relaxation techniques
  • Social support
  • Formal support
17
Q

What is the placebo effect?

A

The phenomenon in which a placebo - an inactive substance like sugar, distilled water, or saline solution - can sometimes improve a patient’s condition simply because the person has the expectation that it will be helpful. Some people willingly buy placebos, in official bottles

18
Q

What is the nocebo effect?

A

A negative effect that occurs after receiving treatment (therapy, medication), even when the treatment is inert/sham Warnings about the possible side effects of a medicine makes it much more likely that the patient will report experiencing those effects One out of 20 placebo treated patients discontinued treatment due to side effects

19
Q

What are the symptoms of a panic attack?

A

x

20
Q

What is panic disorder?

A

x

21
Q

What is agoraphobia?

A

x

22
Q

What is the goal of psychotherapy?

A

Goal of all psychotherapy is to help people change maladaptive thoughts, feelings, and behavior patterns -> schools: psychodynamic, behavioural and cognitive

23
Q

What is behaviour therapy?

A

Behavioural approaches believe that: Maladaptive behaviours are not merely symptoms of underlying problems The behaviours *are* the problem. Problem behaviours are learned in the same ways normal behaviours are

24
Q

How does a phobia develop?

A

Via classical conditioning

25
Q

Give an example of a behaviour therapy?

A
  • Exposure
  • Approach is influenced by both classical and operant conditioning approaches: Treat phobias through exposure to the feared CS (i.e. car) in the absence of the UCS (i.e. accident)
  • Response prevention is used to keep the operant avoidant response from occurring
  • Highly effective for reducing anxiety responses
  • Controversial because intense temporary anxiety is created by treatment.
  • SYSTEMATIC DESENSITISATION
26
Q

What is Clark’s cognitive theory of panic?

A

Individuals with panic interpret certain bodily sensations in catastrophic fashion -> sensations are considered to be a sign of impending physical or psychological disaster

27
Q

What is cognitive restructuring?

A

ID nature of thoughts which don’t need to be true to affect emotions; learn about common biases in thoughts. Treat thoughts as guesses or hypotheses about the world

28
Q

What is cognitive behavioural therapy for cardiac anxiety?

A

Treatment comprised of:

  • Psychoeducation
  • Relaxation techniques
  • Cognitive restructuring
  • Behavioural experiments
  • Graded exposure
  • Relapse prevention
29
Q

What are the core features of CBT?

A
  • Focuses on problematic beliefs and behaviours that maintain disorders (‘here and now’ rather than original causes).
  • Goal oriented i.e. Specific and measurable
  • Collaborative relationship between therapist and patient
  • Brief (8-16 sessions)
  • ‘Scientific’ approach e.g. Collecting data, testing hypotheses.
  • Works well (>70%) in all anxiety disorder, panic disorder, PTSD, social phobia and specific phobias.
  • Has significantly lower relapse rates than anti-depressant meds
30
Q

What are the NICE guidelines for CBT?

A

CBT recommended as first line treatment for:

  • Depression
  • Social anxiety
  • PTSD
  • Generalised anxiety disorder
  • OCD
  • Bulimia
  • Panic disorder and specific phobia
  • Schizophrenia
31
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of depression?

A
  • Be alert to possible depression ->
    • Particularly in people with a past history of depression or a chronic physical health problem with associated functional impairment.
  • Consider asking people who may have depression two questions, specifically:
    • During the last month, have you often been bothered by feeling down, depressed or hopeless?
    • During the last month, have you often been bothered by having little interest or pleasure in doing things?
32
Q

What drug treatment does NICE recommend for depression?

A
  • Do not use antidepressants routinely to treat persistent subthreshold depressive symptoms or mild depression because the risk–benefit ratio is poor
  • Consider antidepressants for people with:
    • a past history of moderate or severe depression or
    • subthreshold depressive symptoms present for a long time or
    • subthreshold depressive symptoms or
    • mild depression that persist(s) after other interventions.
33
Q

What are the NICE guidelines for psychological interventions for relapse prevention in depression?

A

x

34
Q

What is mindfulness-based cognitive therapy?

A

Paying attention in a particular way: on purpose, in the present moment and non-judgementally.

Recognising thoughts as thoughts – not ‘you’ and not ‘reality’.

35
Q

What are psychological interventions for health behaviour change?

A
  1. Motivational Interviewing: helps the patient identify the thoughts and feelings that cause him or her to continue “unhealthy” behaviours and help her to develop new thought patterns to aid in behaviour change.
    • Used for smoking, alcohol use, drug addiction, weight loss, medication adherence.
  2. Pain Management: involves teaching relaxation techniques, changing old beliefs about pain, building new coping skills and addressing any anxiety or depression related to pain. Often uses CBT techniques
    • Used for any kind of chronic pain, including back pain, arthritis, pelvic pain etc
36
Q

What is the efficacy of psychological interventions for health behaviour change?

A

Effective in 75% of randomized controlled trials 94% of the trials used individual interviews MI outperformed traditional advice giving in 75% of these studies

Effectiveness was shown even in brief encounters of only 15 minutes

Effect was not related to education background (physician vs. psychologist)

37
Q

What are the vicious circles of pain?

A

Y2 LCRS 2 - NMH, Psych, Anatomy of Limbs, Head, Neck & Spine, Musculoskeletal (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions