prosencephalon (forebrain)- telencephalon Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 parts of the telencephalon?

A
  • outer gray cerebral cortex- pallium
  • mass of white fibers- centrum semiovale
  • deep in white matter- neuron cell bodies called basal ganglia
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2
Q

telencephalon has 4 lobes on each side

A

frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital

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3
Q

the insula (isle of reil) and limbic region are sometimes called?

A

lobes and pseudolobes

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4
Q

general functions of the telencephalon?

A
  • final integration of neural mechanisms
  • initiation center for voluntary actions
  • memory and associative memory
  • abstract thinking- prefrontal- broadmann 9 through 12
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5
Q

what is the surface area of the cerebral cortex/pallium?

A

2.5 square feet- 2/3 of area is down in the sulci

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6
Q

in most areas the gyrus sulcus is ____ than the sulcus cortex?

A

thicker

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7
Q

what are the 2 subdivisions of the cerebral cortex/pallium?

A

neocortex- 90% of total cortex- cells and cell layers homogenous
allocortex- 2 parts (olfactory and hippocampal) heterogenous

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8
Q

what are the 6 common laminae of the neocortex? arranged external to internal

A
molecular lamina I- lots of synapses 
external granular lamina II
external pyramidal lamina III
internal granular lamina IV 
internal pyramidal lamina V
multiform lamina VI
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9
Q

the molecular layer is which layer?

A

outermost and nearest to pia mater; filled with synaptic activity

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10
Q

describe external granular layer- II

A

small, closely packed granular neurons
axons extend into deeper lamina of same cortex area
intracortical association layer

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11
Q

describe the external pyramidal layer- lamina III

A

small pyramidal shaped neuron cell bodies
axons extend out of cortex to white matter and then return to gray matter
-projection, association and commissural fibers
intercortical association layer

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12
Q

lamina II and III are also called?

A

associative lamina- best developed in human brain

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13
Q

describe internal granular layer- IV

A

small closely packed cell bodies
specific thalamic inputs arrive here
well developed sensory areas (touch, pain, sight etc)

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14
Q

describe internal pyramidal layer- V

A

large pyramidal- shaped neuron cell bodies
giant pyramidal Betz cells here as well
axons project to other brain and cord centers from here

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15
Q

describe multiform layer- VI

A

mix of incoming and outgoing fibers

large number of projection neurons- especially to thalamus

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16
Q

laminae V and VI are sometimes called?

A

projection laminae

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17
Q

what are the parts of the basal ganglia? all bilateral

A

caudate nucleus
putamen nucleus
globus pallidus or paleostriatum
amygdaloid complex or archistriatum

18
Q

putamen and globus pallidus together are called?

A

lenticular nucleus

19
Q

striatal lesions normally lead to?

A

dyskinesia (muscle tone disturbances)

20
Q

dyskinesia examples?

A

tremor
chorea
ballism or hemiballism

21
Q

tremors usually come from a lesion where?

A

in the cerebellum

22
Q

example of chorea?

A

huntingtons chorea- graceful involuntary movements of extremities, facial muscles, tongue etc- corpus striatum begins to deteriorate- deficiency of GABA

23
Q

ballism or hemiballism is a more violent movement and can occur from lesions where?

A

globus pallid us which communicates with subthalamic nucleus

24
Q

describe the caudate nucleus

A

has a head, body and tail

head region is continuous with the putamen nucleus by gray matter bridges

25
Q

afferent fibers of caudate nucleus synapse in the caudate from?

A

all lobes of the cortex, the thalamus, substantia nigra and putamen

26
Q

efferent fibers of caudate extend to?

A

putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra and thalamus

27
Q

what is the most lateral of the corpus striatal nuclei?

A

putamen nucleus

28
Q

afferent and efferent fibers of putamen are ______ as caudate?

A

the same

29
Q

the _____ is part of the lenticular nucleus along with the putamen

A

globus pallidus

30
Q

afferents of globus pallidus include axons from

A

caudate
putamen
subthalamic

31
Q

describe the efferent fibers of globus pallidus

A

primary efferent outflow from corpus striatum- anterior aspect of thalamus

32
Q

what is the ancient part of the basal ganglia located in the temporal lobe ?

A

amgydala

33
Q

inputs for the amygdala from?

A

olfactory tract, hypothalamus and neocortex

34
Q

amygdaloid activity is associated with?

A

increased inhibition- fear and anger

35
Q

what is the name for the collective white matter of telencephalon?

A

centrum semiovale

36
Q

what are the fiber types in the white matter of telencephalon?

A

projection- afferent and efferent

commissural- corpus callosum (300 million neurons)

37
Q

projection axons in the white matter utilize what?

A

corona radiata and internal capsule

38
Q

what are the different parts of the corpus callosum?

A

splenium, body, genu, rostrum, forceps anticus, forceps posticus and tapetum

39
Q

what is the most abundant part of the white matter?

A

association axon bundles (fasciculi)

40
Q

the corpus callosum is only found in?

A

placental mammals