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Flashcards in Progress In Education Deck (27)
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1
Q

What was the biggest segregation issue for many?

A

In the South was education.

2
Q

What was Brown vs Topeka case?

A

Linda Brown who was a child from Topeka, Kansa, who had to travel further to her nearest ‘black’ school.

3
Q

What did Brown’s parents and others do in reaction to this?

A

They went to court to fight for their children’s right to go their nearest school, which was ‘white’.

4
Q

Why did Browns parents court fight lose?

A

Because of the Plessy ‘separate but equal’ ruling, as did four other cases in the South.

5
Q

What was the final decision of Brown vs Topeka case?

A

Ruled desegregation should be carried out ‘with all deliberate speed’.

7
Q

What did NAACP lawyers argue about the case?

A

Argued separate was not equal in education, even with equal provision, because made black children feel inferior.

8
Q

Immediate significance of Brown?

A

Brown reversed Plessy, so sparked off many more desegregation campaigns. Many won legal victories.

9
Q

Significance of Brown in deep south?

A

Day of Brown decision became known as ‘Black Monday’. An extreme white backlash began. Threats to black children.

10
Q

School desegregation in deep south?

A

Many said it would happened, but did nothing. Governors of some states didn’t accept desegregation, but called for calm.

11
Q

How many black students applied to Little Rock School?

A

About 75 students. The school board chose 25.

12
Q

What happened to those 25 black students who were chosen to go to Little Rock?

A

Opponents threatened the families of the black students. At the start of the 1957 school year, only nine students were willing to go.

13
Q

What did the nine students at Little Rock high school become known as?

A

Little Rock nine.

14
Q

Who was a key opponent of the Little Rock plan?

A

Orval Faubus (governor of Arkansas).

15
Q

What did Faubus do on 3rd September?

A

Sent 250 state troops to ‘keep peace’ by preventing black students from going in.

16
Q

What is WCC?

A

Citizens in Mississippi, set up White Citizens Council in July 1954. Aims were preserving segregation, especially in schools.

17
Q

Who was Elizabeth Eckford?

A

A student who didn’t get the message to arrive with all the other black students.

18
Q

What happened to Elizabeth Eckford?

A

She got off her bus to a waiting mob of white people. She walked up to state troopers thinking they’d help. They turned her back to the mob who were shouting ‘Lynch her’!

19
Q

Publicity of Little Rock?

A

250 reporters/photographers outside school. Photos of Elizabeth went worldwide. Outrage inside and outside USA was enormous.

20
Q

What did Eisenhower do on 23rd September?

A

Removed Faubus’s troops. Rioting continued. Police chief took black students out of school, saying the riot was their fault.

21
Q

What happened on 24th September?

A

Eisenhower signed presidential order.

22
Q

What was Eisenhower’s presidential order?

A

Set over 1000 federal troops to Little Rock. Faubus state troops ‘federalised’ (placed under federal control.

23
Q

How controversial was Eisenhower’s order?

A

He had to make it quickly as congress wouldn’t have agreed. He went on TV to explain himself.

24
Q

What was the federal troops role at Little Rock nine?

A

Make sure black students got to school, home and classes safely.

25
Q

What happened at the end of school year at Little Rock nine?

A

Faubus closed every Little Rock school putting off integration. White parents forced the school to be open.

26
Q

School resistance against desegregation?

A

Only allowed few black in per year. Introduced ‘testing’ deciding if they get in. This was used against black children.

27
Q

Who helped the black families cope with the opposition?

A

CORE and NAACP.

28
Q

Did black families cope well against opposition?

A

Many felt there were few white people helping. Many white people who support desegregation were afraid to openly support them.