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Flashcards in Problem 2 Deck (43)
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1
Q

Logic

A

Refers to the organized body of knowledge that evaluates arguments

–> by this we develop a system of methods + principles we use as criteria to evaluate the arguments of others

2
Q

Argument

A

Refers to a group of statements

3
Q

Statement

A

Refers to a sentence that is either true or false

4
Q

Truth values

A

Refer to the truth or falsity of a statement

5
Q

General structure of an argument

A
  1. /Opening statement
    - -> introduce topic, so not part of argument
  2. Statement
    - -> premise
  3. Last Statement
    - -> conclusion
6
Q

Inference

A

Refers to the reasoning process expressed by an argument

7
Q

Proposition

A

Meaning/ information content of a statement

8
Q

Syllogistic logic

A

Suggests that arguments are evaluated as good or bad depending on how the terms are arranged in the argument

9
Q

Modal logic

A

Involves concepts as

a) possibility
b) necessity
c) belief or doubt

10
Q

How can you distinguish a passage containing an argument from one that is not ?

A

A passage containing an argument tries to prove something

11
Q

Which 2 conditions must be fulfilled for a passage to prove something ?

A

Factual + inferential claim

12
Q

Factual claim

A

Claiming to present evidence/reason

13
Q

Inferential claim

A

Claiming that the evidence/ reason supports the conclusion

–> objective + grounded in language + structure

THUS: Explicit or implicit

14
Q

Simple no inferential passages

Non arguments

A

Lack a claim that anything is being proved

ex.: warning, piece of advice

15
Q
Expository passages 
(Non argument)
A

Discourse that begins with a topic sentence followed by one or more sentences that develop the topic sentence

e.g.: research writing

16
Q

Explanation

Non argument

A

Refers to an expression that tries to shed light on something

17
Q

What is a conditional statement ?

Is a conditional statement an argument ?

A
  1. If (antecedent) … then (consequent)
  2. No, a single conditional statement is no argument
    - -> may serve as either premise or conclusion of an argument
18
Q

Deductive argument

A

Refers to an argument that claims that it is impossible for the conclusion to be false, given that the premises are true

–> based on facts/necessary reasoning

19
Q

Inductive argument

A

Refers to an argument that claims that it is improbable that the conclusion is false given that the premises are true

–> based on opinions/probabilistic reasoning

20
Q

Valid deductive argument

A

Suggests that the conclusion true given that the premises are true

e.g.: invalid = opposite

21
Q

Sound argument

A

Refers to a deductive argument that is valid + has all true premises

= good argument

e.g.: unsound argument = invalid + false premises

22
Q

When one has a good argument and adds an

unsound argument will the argument still be sound ?

A

Yes, because the premise should not be considered as part of the argument

23
Q

Strong inductive argument

A

Suggests that it is improbable that the conclusion is false given that the premises are true

24
Q

Weak inductive argument

A

Refers to an argument in which the conclusion does not follow probably from the premises even though it is claimed to

25
Q

What is the difference between strong inductive + valid deductive arguments ?

A
  1. If the conclusion of deductive arguments is true independently of the premises, then the argument is still considered valid
  2. If the conclusion of an inductive argument is probably true independently of the premises, then the argument is weak
26
Q

How do you know if an

inductive argument is strong ?

A

If it is more than 50% probable

27
Q

Cogent argument

A

Refers to an inductive argument that is strong + has all true premises

e.g.: uncogent= opposite

28
Q

Counterexample method

A

Isolates the form of an argument, then constructs a substation instance having true premises + false conclusion

–> proves the invalidity of any invalid argument but can’t prove validity

29
Q

Definiendum

A

Refers to the word/group of words that is defined

30
Q

Definiens

A

Refers to the word/group of words that does the defining

31
Q

Name the 4 different Deductive argument forms.

A
  1. Argument based on mathematics
  2. Argument from definition
  3. Hypothetical syllogism
    - -> if .. then
  4. Disjunctive syllogism
    - -> either .. or
32
Q

Name the 6 different Induction argument forms.

A
  1. Prediction
  2. Argument from analogy
    - -> similarity of things
  3. Generalization
    - -> sample is used to make claim about whole group
  4. Argument from authority
    - -> expert as reference
  5. Argument based on signs
  6. Causal inference
33
Q

Name the 2 different types of cognitive meaning.

A
  1. Intensional meaning/Connotation
    - -> qualities, attributes of the term

ex.: cats = furry, 4-legged, pet

  1. Extensional meaning/Denotation
    - -> class members of the term

ex.: cats = all cats in the world

34
Q

Stipulation definition

A

Assigning a meaning to a word for the first time

35
Q

Lexical defintion

A

Reporting the meaning that a word already has in a language

36
Q

Precising definition

A

Reducing the vagueness of a word

37
Q

Theoretical defintion

A

Assigning a meaning to a word by suggesting a theory that gives a certain characterization to the entities that the term denotes

38
Q

Persuasive defintion

A

Engendering a favorable attitude toward what is denoted by the definiendum

–> assigning an emotionally charged meaning to a word

ex.: abortion means the ruthless murdering of innocent human beings

39
Q

Multilayered arguments

A

Refer to arguments in which reasons or objects have drawn out new reasons or objections

ex.: rebuttal, refutation

40
Q

Rebuttal

A

When a reason is followed by an objection within an argument

a) Counterargument to a premise
b) Counterargument to a conclusion

41
Q

Counterargument to a premise

Rebuttal

A

Showing that the reasons contention is false

42
Q

Counterargument to a conclusion

Rebuttal

A

Showing that the contention doesn’t provide enough proof to support the conclusion

43
Q

Refutation

A

If an objection is followed by an objection within an argument

a) Refutation to the premise
b) Refutation to a conclusion