Printed notes 28.1 -28.3 Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Printed notes 28.1 -28.3 Deck (43)
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1
Q

Chromosomes are composed up of what ?

A

DNA and Proteins

2
Q

Humans have how many chromosomes in normal somatic cells?

A

46 chromosomes and 23 pairs of chromosomes

3
Q

Of the 23 pairs of chromosomes, 22 of the pairs are called what?

A

Autosomes

4
Q

The 23rd pair of chromosomes are called

A

Sex chromosomes

5
Q

What are the two types of sex chromosomes ?

A

X and Y

6
Q

Males have __
Females have ___
( X , Y)

A

Males have one X and one Y chromosome

Females have two X chromosomes

7
Q

Each human begins life with ___________ reproductive ducts.

A

Begins life with both male and female reproductive ducts

8
Q

The male reproduction tract is called

A

Wolffian system

9
Q

The female reproductive tract is called

A

The Mullerian System

10
Q

When does sexual differentiation begin ?

A

At 12 weeks of gestation

11
Q

If the Y chromosome is present

- (____ gene) is expressed and that causes the ___ to ___

A

TDF

Causes the male gonads to develop

12
Q

IF the Y chromosome is present

- Cells of the tests secrete ____ causing the _____ to develop

A

Testosterone

Wolffian duct system to develop

13
Q

IF the Y chromosome is present

- cells of the testes secrete ____ causing the ____ to degenerate .

A

Mullerian inhibiting hormone

That causes the Müllerian duct system to degenerate

14
Q

IF the Y chromosome is present

- Some of the testosterone is converted to _______ causing ___ to develop .

A

Dihydroxytestosterone causing the external male genitalia to develop

15
Q

IF the Y chromosome is absent

- The testes will not develop so the ______ will degenerate

A

Wolfgang duct system will degenerate

16
Q

IF the Y chromosome is absent

- In the absence of ____ the _____ develops

A

MIH- Müllerian inhibiting Hormone

The Müllerian duct system will develop

17
Q

IF the Y chromosome is absent
- in the absences of ______ the _______develops
( gonads )

A

Dihydroxytestosterone the female external genitalia develops

18
Q

Where is the sight of spermatogenesis ( sperm production)

A

Testes - which hold the seminiferous tubules which is the actual place of spermatogenesis

19
Q

Each testes are subdivided into ___ which house ___ ___.

A

Lobules

Seminiferous tubules

20
Q

Each tubule is surrounded by a capsule that contains _____ that are responsible for secretion of ____ .

A

Interstitial cells - secretion of androgens

21
Q

The wall of the tubule contains several types of cells: name the 5.

A
  1. Spermatogonia
  2. Spermatocytes
  3. Spermatids
  4. Spermatozoa
  5. Sustentacular cells
22
Q

Sustentacular cells have 6 functions that are important for sperm development

A
  1. Maintenance of the blood - testes barrier
  2. Support of mitosis and meiosis
  3. Support of spermiogenesis
  4. Secretion of inhibin
  5. Secretion of androgen- binding proteins
  6. Secretion of MIH
23
Q

At the outer layer of the tubule wall are the stem cells for ____, ___.

A

Spermatozoa , spermatogrium

24
Q

A spermatogorium is a diploid cell that will divide to give rise to ___

A

Diploid primary spermatocytes

25
Q

The primary spermatocyte enter meiosis to produce _____.

A

Haploid gametes ( spermatozoa)

26
Q

During Meiosis 1 , the_______ divides to produce two ______.

A

Primary spermatocyte

Haploid spermatids

27
Q

One primary spermatocyte gives to four ____.

A

Spermatids

28
Q

Each spermatids will go through a maturation process Called____ to produce functional gametes

A

Spermiogenesis

29
Q

During spermiogenesis, the spermatid losses much of the ____ and develops a ___.

A

Cytoplasm and develops a flagellum

30
Q

The structure of a spermatozoa ( 4)

A
  1. Head
  2. Neck
  3. Mid piece
  4. Tail
31
Q

A spermatozoa’s head is

A
  • Tightly pack haploid nucleus
  • at the apex of the head is a vesicles filled with digestive enzymes
  • this vesicles is called - Acrosomal cap
32
Q

A spermatozoa’s neck

A
  • connect the head to the mid piece
33
Q

A spermatozoa’s mid piece

A

Contains many mitochondria

34
Q

The Spermatozoa’s tail

A

Is called the flagellum

35
Q

_______ leaving the testes are not capable of fertilization.

A

Spermatozoa

36
Q

Why are spermatozoa’s not capable of fertilization ?

A

Other regions of the male reproductive tract are responsible for the functional maturation, nourishment and transport of spermatozoa

37
Q

Functions of the Epididymis

A
  • Monitor and adjust composition of tubular fluid
  • recycling center for damaged spermatozoa
  • stores spermatozoa and facilitates maturation: capacitation
38
Q

The passageway for spermatozoa from epididymis to ejaculatory duct

A

Ductus deferens

39
Q

Ejaculatory Duct

A
  • Is continuous with the ductus deferens
  • is a passage way from ductus deferens to the urethra
  • site of seminal vesicles secretion
40
Q

Urethra

A
  • common passage way for the urinary system and reproductive system
  • spermatozoa are transported from the ejaculatory duct to the outside of the body
41
Q

Name the three accessory glands of the male reproductive system

A
  1. Seminal vesicles
  2. Prostate gland
  3. Bulbourethral gland
42
Q

Seminal vesicles is ___, and the secrete 3 things.

A
A paired organ 
Secretes 
1. Fructose 
2. Prostaglandins 
3. Fibrinogen
43
Q

What determines the sex of a human ?

A

The presence or absence of the Y chromosome