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Flashcards in principles of immunisation Deck (17)
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1
Q

what are the Types of vaccine and their development

A

Killed (inactivated)
Attenuated
Sub-unit
toxoid

2
Q

what are the types of immunity

A

innate, adaptive

passive, active

3
Q

which immunity will have the memory of the infection

A

active

4
Q

what are the advantages of passive immunity

A

Gives immediate protection

A quick fix

5
Q

what are the disadvantages of passive immunity

A

Short term effect – no immunological memory
Serum sickness – incoming antibody is recognised as a foreign antigen by the recipient and results in anaphylaxis
Graft versus host disease (cell grafts only) – incoming immune cells reject the recipient

6
Q

what are advantages of active immnity

A

Antigen (whole organism or part of it) stimulates immune response
Long term immunity – may be lifelong
Immunological memory
No immediate effect, but faster and better response to next antigenic encounter

7
Q

advantages of subunit vaccines

A

Generally very safe

Easy to standardise

8
Q

disadvantages of subunit vaccines

A

Not very immunogenic without an effective adjuvant

Need to understand how to generate immunity

9
Q

what makes a good vaccine?

A

Potent antibody response – high antibody titers
Potent CD8+ cytotoxic T cell response
CD4+ T helper response
Memory

10
Q

what are the challenges facs vaccines

A

Conventional vaccines cannot elicit immunity against all infectious disease

Persistence – ideally vaccines should give life long protection

Generation of memory cells

Protection of vulnerable groups
The very young, the elderly and immunocompromised individuals

Antigenic shift and drift, and strain diversity in general
Bird and swine influenza pandemics

The cold chain network

11
Q

how many RNA strands does influenza have?

A

8

12
Q

what is the purpose of the cold chain network

A

to maintain product quality from the time of manufacture until the point of administration by ensuring that vaccines are stored and transported within WHO-recommended temperature ranges.

13
Q

are carbohydrates strong or poor antigens

A

poor

14
Q

Conjugation of the carbohydrate to a protein carrier makes them more

A

effective

15
Q

where are B cells from

A

bone marrow

16
Q

where does the supression of T cell activation occur?

A

lymph nodes

17
Q

what is CTLA-4

A

co-inhibitory molecule that functions to regulate T cell activation.