Priming effects in judgements and behaviour Flashcards Preview

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1
Q

the relation between perception and behaviour

A

What is the most important function of perception?

To know what is going on?

Understanding not an end in itself – more to it

Understanding = means via which we act effectively

Perception is for doing!

2
Q

an evolutionary spin

A

Perceptual abilities evolved because we started to behave, not because we started to understand – doing things as a result of what we were perceiving in env

Humans and cats Vs. weeping willows and cacti

Animals move, develop mechanisms of perception

Perception is always done for an end goal

3
Q

does perceiving lead to doing?

A

In frogs, 2 perceptual systems: flight (something about to eat them) and hunt (when they’re hungry) – can eliminate one and leave other in tact – 1-1 correspondence

Same perceptual process => same behavioural consequence

Many species (like us) more sophisticated – in a specific context – not inevitable

Seeing an attractive person but not kissing– can break impulse

4
Q

two possible routes to flexibility

A

Why doesn’t perception always lead to action in humans?

Perception insufficient to elicit action – something else has to be present – additional process – e.g. conscious decision to act – facilitator option

Perception sufficient to create action but action inhibited – inhibitor option – default = action – blocks impulse – more likely explanation

5
Q

the direct effect of perception on behaviour produces imitation

A

What about the case of imitation?

Notion that perception and action share neurological systems - we are wired that way – makes them overlap – treats seeing and doing action in same way

Where is the evidence?

6
Q

neuropsych evidence

A

Monkeys - activation of same bit of premotor cortex (witnessing/performing action)

Overlap between mental representations used (perceiving/performing)

May be a conflict if doing 2 things that are similar

And in people! Zajonc et al. (1982) – mimicked faces in photo – made some Ps chew gum – made mimicking harder – lead to poorer memory – link between perceiving and doing action disrupted

7
Q

ideomotor action

A

Just thinking about something makes it more likely you’ll do it

More neuro stuff - Jeannerod (1994) - simulating an action leads to same activation in brain as making action – ACC activated

8
Q

the common-coding hyp

A

Prinz (1990) - shared representational systems (perceptions/actions)

So, should be hard to perform action at same time as perceiving it - is it?

Implications - we have a natural tendency to imitate because…

9
Q

CRUCIAL

A

Perceiving an action activates mental representation of this action, which in turn leads to performance

Tendency to imitate is a consequence of the way behaviour is represented internally

It’s the way we’re made…!

Perception and behaviour intrinsically linked

10
Q

so what do we perceive that we then imitate?

A

Observables – speech etc.

Trait inferences – extract traits from behaviour

Social stereotypes – initially categorise someone – brings to mind all sorts of info about the person

11
Q

observables

A

Facial expressions – e.g. yawning, people who live together have similar facial expression as gone through same emotional trauma

Behaviour matching – e.g. on a date, not necessarily conscious – can happen with a stranger

Speech-related variables: tone of voice – live together and pick up on same tone and mannerisms etc.

Is it strategic? Probably not

12
Q

trait inferences

A

Spontaneous trait inferences

Carver et al. (1983): hostility prime – inclined to give harder shocks

Bargh et al. (1996, Study 1; on ELE): rudeness prime – polite – 558s to interrupt – neutral – 519s – rude – 326s

Macrae & Johnston (1998; on ELE): helping prime – sometimes worked and sometimes didn’t

13
Q

social stereotypes 1

A

Work in the same way as single trait concepts, why?

Remember schemas - comprise several diff. trait concepts associated with category – if context right – prime with certain stereotype – people behave in way that fits it

Bargh et al. (1996, Study 2; ELE); elderly (Florida, grey, bingo)/control prime – timed how long to get to end of corridor – sig diff – neutral – 7.3s – elderly – 8.28s

Dijksterhuis et al. (2001) - reaction times

14
Q

social stereotypes 2

A

Aarts & Dijksterhuis (2001): cheetahs and snails

Bargh et al. (1996, Study 3; ELE): aggressive subliminal prime (AA faces) - aggression prime = more hostile

Dijksterhuis & van Knippenberg
(1998; ELE) - politician prime – politician = wrote more

15
Q

social stereotypes 3

A

Dijksterhuis & van Knippenberg (1998; ELE): Trivial Pursuit – secretary – 46.4% correct, - no prime – 49.9%, professors – 59.5%

Levy (1986): elderly ps primed with + or - terms associated with elderly

Dijksterhuis et al. (2000) - same effect with college students