Primer 20 - Psychosis and Antipsychotic Drugs Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Primer 20 - Psychosis and Antipsychotic Drugs Deck (37)
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1
Q

What is a common cause of visual hallucination?

A

Side effects of medical illness like dementia or intoxication.

2
Q

What is the most common cause of auditory hallucination?

A

More common in psychiatric illnesses like schizophrenia.

3
Q

What is the most common cause of olfactory hallucinations?

A

Often occur before seizures or brain tumors.

4
Q

What disease is associated with tactile hallucinations?

A

Alcohol withdrawal And cocaine use. Can also cause formication - with an M: means the sensation of insects crawling under the skin.

5
Q

What are hypnagogic hallucinations?

A

Hallucinations when you are about to go to sleep; the word “go” in the word hypnagogic, tell you that it happens when you are GOING to sleep. They are often auditory hallucinations.

6
Q

What are hypnopompic hallucinations?

A

Hallucination when you are about to wake. The “M” in hypnopompic is for Morning.

7
Q

What is Delusional Disorder?

A

A fixed, persistent non-bizzare belief that lasts for more than one month. One big distinction of this disease is that the functioning is not impaired. Often self-limited.

8
Q

What is Shared Psychotic Disorder?

A

Development of delusions in a person in a close relation with someone suffering Delusional disorder.

9
Q

What is the change in anatomy in patients with schizophrenia?

A

Their brains are smaller, ventricles are enlarged and cortex is thinner.

10
Q

What is most distinct environmental risk factor for schizophrenia?

A

Exposure to psychoactive substances during adolecense and young adulthood; marijuana, LSD, cocaine, amphetamines.

11
Q

What are positive symptoms?

A

“Adding something that should not be there.”

Delusions, hallucinations (auditory), Disorganized speech, Disorganized or catatonic behavior.

12
Q

What are negative symptoms?

A

“When you take away something that is normally there”

Flat effect, social withdrawal, lack of motivation and speech, thought blocking, poor grooming.

13
Q

What would be the physiological cause of increase in positive symptoms?

A

An increase in dopamine in mesolimbic pathway.

14
Q

What would be the physiological cause of increase in negative symptoms?

A

Current hypothesis is that decreased dopamine in mesocortical tract.

15
Q

What is schizophreniform disorder?

A

Same symptoms of schizophrenia but last only up to 6 months.

16
Q

What is Brief psychotic disorder?

A

A period of psychosis lasting less than on month, usually due to stress.

17
Q

What is schizoaffective disorder?

A

Schizophrenic psychosis with a mood disorder. You have to have at least two weeks of psychotic symptoms while the mood is stable: pure psychosis with no mood disorder. The dominant feature is the psychosis with a little of mood disorder.

18
Q

What are the 2 categories for antipsychotic drugs?

A

Typical and atypical antipsychotics.

19
Q

What is another name for typical antipsychotics and what are the two main categories of it?

A

AKA traditional neuroleptics, it is divided by low potency and high potency.

20
Q

What are the side effects of low potency antipsychotics?

A

It causes anticholinergic effects: sedation, dry mouth, ileus, urinary retention.

21
Q

What are the side effects of high potency antipsychotics?

A

They have fewer anticholinergic effects but cause more extrapyramidal symptoms and tardive dyskinesia. Also causes neuroleptic malignant syndrome.

22
Q

What are two important low potency antipsychotic?

A

Chlorpromazine, Thioridazine.

23
Q

What are five important high potency antipsychotics?

A

Haloperidol, Fluphenazine, Loxapine, Thiothixene, Trifluoperazine.

24
Q

What are the side effects of atypical antipsychotics?

A

Fewer extrapyramidal symptoms and fewer anticholinergic symptoms. Causes weight gain.

25
Q

What are five important atypical antipsychotics?

A

Olanzapine, Quetiapine, Risperidone, Aripiprazole, Clozapine.

26
Q

Which type of symptoms of schizophrenia are easier to treat?

A

Positive symptoms are easier to treat than negative symptoms.”Easier to take away something new than to restore something lost.”

27
Q

Which type of antipsychotics work better on negative symptoms compared to other antipsychotics?

A

Atypical antipsychotics.

28
Q

What are the three antipsychotics to treat Tourret’s syndrome?

A

Fluphenazine, Pimozide, Tetrabenazine.

29
Q

What are the extrapyramidal side effects that can occur in within 1 to 5 days?

A

Acute dystonia and torticollis.

30
Q

What are the extrapyramidal side effects that can occur in within 1 month?

A

Bradykinesia.

31
Q

What are the extrapyramidal side effects that can occur in within 2 month?

A

Akathisia.

32
Q

What causes Tardive dyskinesia and what is the prognosis of this disease?

A

It is caused by prolonged use of antipsychotics and it is often irreversible.

33
Q

What is neuroleptic malignant syndrome and what causes it?

A

Delirium and altered mental status, autonomic instability, muscle rigidity, myoglobinuria, and hyperpyrexia. It is caused by high potency antipsychotics.

34
Q

What is the treatment for neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

A

Bromocryptine or dantrolene.

35
Q

What is an interesting side effect of olanzapine and what disease is it at risk for?

A

It is an atypical antipsychotic so it blocks dopamine and seratonin. This can cause weight gain, which puts the patient at risk of developing diabetes.

36
Q

What is the most severe side effect of clozapine?

A

Agranulocytosis.

37
Q

What is the difference between hallucination and illusion and delusions?

A

Hallucination is when you perceive something when there is no stimuli. Illusion is when you misinterpret a stimuli. Delusions are false beliefs that persists despite obvious proof to the contrary.