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Physiology > Pregnancy and Parturition > Flashcards

Pregnancy and Parturition Flashcards

1
Q

What produces relaxin?

A

Corpus Luteum and the Placenta in response to hCG

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2
Q

What is the function of relaxin?

A
  • Inhibits myometrial contractions

- Relaxes pelvic bones and ligaments and softens cervix

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3
Q

What is the function of prolactin?

A

Stimulates lactogenic apparatus during gestation

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4
Q

What inhibits the lactation from prolactin during pregnancy?

A

Significant lactation is inhibited by high levels of progesterone and estrogen

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5
Q

Where does cholesterol used for steroidogenesis by the placenta come from?

A

Maternal LDL. The placenta cannot make cholesterol very well.

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6
Q

What does the placenta do with maternal cholesterol?

A

Converts it to pregnenolone

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7
Q

What happens to pregnenolone made in the placenta?

A

It is transported to the fetus where is is converted to DHEA-S and then 16-OH DHEA-S

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8
Q

What happens to the 16-OH DHEA-S?

A

It is transported to the placenta and converted into estriol which is delivered to the mother

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9
Q

What is the only synthesis mechanism for estriol?

A

It can only be made from fetal liver precursors

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10
Q

What is the function of progesterone in pregnancy?

A

Sustains the fetus
Inhibits uterine contractions
Inhibits maternal immune response

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11
Q

What is the function of estrogen in pregnancy?

A

Growth of breast and myometrium
Works with relaxin to soften pelvic ligaments
Role in parturition

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12
Q

What happens when the progesterone:estrogen ratio increases?

A

Maintains uterine quiescence and sustains the fetus

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13
Q

What happens when the progesterone:estrogen ratio decreases?

A

Linked in the start of parturition

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14
Q

What is the function of progesterone in BCPs?

A

Inhibits LH secretion which will block the LH surge in ovulation

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15
Q

What is the function of estrogen in BCPs?

A

Inhibits FSH release which will stabilize the endometrium

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16
Q

What are the effects of pregnancy on the CV system?

A

Increased CO and flow to uterus
Increased BV in anticipation of hemorrhage
Overall decreased hematocrit

17
Q

What are the effects of pregnancy on the respiratory system?

A

Increased tidal volume and alveolar ventilation

Respiratory alkalosis due to hyperventilation will be compensated by renal excretion of HCO3-

18
Q

What are the effects of pregnancy on the GI system?

A

Decreased GI motility

Decreased LES tone so there is more reflux

19
Q

What are the effects of pregnancy on the endocrine system?

A

HPG axis is suppressed

Increased lactotrophs and PRL secretion

20
Q

What are the effects of pregnancy on metabolism?

A

1st Half: Anabolic state

2nd Half: Catabolic state with insulin resistance that occurs due to hPL stimulation to increase plasma glucose and FAs

21
Q

What is parturition?

A

The initiation and maintenance of labor and uterine evacuation

22
Q

What is the main factor triggering parturition?

A

Decrease in progesterone:estrogen ratio

23
Q

What is the function of cortisol in parturition?

A

CRH peaks at labor with it influencing contractions

CRH potentiates contracture response to prostaglandins and oxytocin

24
Q

What is the function of oxytocin in parturition?

A

OXY sensitivity increases throughout pregnancy and peaks before parturition and is released with increasing frequency as labor continues in a positive feedback loop.

OXY functions to increase smooth muscle contractions via GPCR -> Calmodulin

25
Q

What increases the number of OXY receptors throughout pregnancy?

A

Estrogen

26
Q

How do alpha adrenergics function in pregnancy?

A

Stimulates myometrial contraction

27
Q

How do beta adrenergics function in pregnancy?

A

Inhibits myometrial contraction

28
Q

What is the Ferguson reflex?

A

Dissension of the cervix will lead to OXY release which stimulates uterine contractions in a positive feedback loop

29
Q

What is the Letdown reflex?

A

Response to an infant crying via circulation to the breast that will cause muscle contraction and milk letdown

30
Q

How does neural input from the spinal cord affect PRL?

A
  • Neural input inhibits DOPA release

- Neural input will inhibit POA release of GnRH as well

Physiology (81 decks)

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