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Flashcards in Practical 2 Deck (75)
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1
Q

What is the volume of air that cannot be exhaled from the lungs even during a maximal expiration.

A

Residual volume

2
Q

What cells produces lipase?

What organ are these cells in?

A

acinar cells (small amounts are also produced by the salivary glands and the chief cells of the gastric gland)

pancreas

3
Q
A
4
Q

Label cells and their function

A
5
Q

Where in the alimentary canal are enzymes denatured, and why?

A

Enzymes that work in a neutral pH are denatured once they enter the stomach, due to its low pH. Stomach enzymes are denatured when they move to the duodenum, where the pH is much higher in comparison to the stomach.

6
Q

Occurs between the blood and tissues, and involves oxygen unloading (leaving the blood) and carbon dioxide loading (entering the blood).

A

Internal respiration

7
Q

In order for lipid digestion to be effective, must be present

A

Bile

8
Q

Explain the difference between the basal layer of the endometrium and the functional layer.

A

The basal layer of the endometrium is the deeper layer that contains the stem cells that allow the endometrium to regrow. Its thickness is fairly constant and it is not shed during menstruation. The functional layer is the superficial layer that grows and changes in response to hormone levels. Its thickness varies significantly during the uterine cycle and it is shed during menstruation.

9
Q
A

last one is active phase ovary

10
Q
A
11
Q

Label

A
12
Q
A
13
Q

What organs/cells produce amylase?

A

salivary glands and acinar cells of the exocrine pancreas

14
Q
A
15
Q

What cells produce pepsin?

A

chief cells of the gastric gland

16
Q

Name the typical substances found in the urine of a healthy person

A

water; ions such as sodium, potassium, chloride, and calcium; metabolic wastes such as creatinine and urea

17
Q

Label A, B, & C

A

A: Epiglottis

B: cricoid cartilage

C: arytenoid cartilage

18
Q

What does it mean to say that a protein/enzyme has become denatured?

A

If a protein/enzyme is denatured, it loses its three-dimensional structure. In the case of proteins in food material, this makes them easier to digest. In the case of enzymes, this makes them non-functional.

19
Q

Enzymes that are denatured are:

a. completely nonfunctional
c. slightly impaired in function
b. completely functional
d. more efficient at digestion

A

a. completely nonfunctional

20
Q

What secretions contain amylase?

A

Saliva, pancreatic juice

21
Q

Name the main location where lipase is active.

A

duodenum/small intestine

22
Q

Label

A
23
Q

The ___________ _____________________ is/are the chemical(s) that are present in solution after a chemical reaction involving an enzyme is completed.

A

end product(s)

24
Q
A
25
Q

Explain the relationship between thoracic cavity volume and intrapulmonary pressure.

A

Volume and pressure are inversely proportional – as volume increases, pressure decreases, and vice versa.

26
Q

Match each of enzyme to its substrate and end product(s). Each enzyme will match to two letters.

Amylase

Pepsin

Lipase

A
27
Q
A
28
Q

Label

A
29
Q
A
30
Q

The part of this organ that produces lipase is the _______ part of the organ.

A

exocrine

31
Q
A
32
Q
A
33
Q
A
34
Q

Occurs between alveolar air and pulmonary capillary blood, and involves oxygen loading and carbon dioxide unloading.

A

External respiration

35
Q

What gas exchange occurs at the respiratory membrane

A

external respiration

36
Q
A
37
Q

Label

A
38
Q
A
39
Q

Label

A
40
Q

What is is the volume of air that can be exhaled after a tidal volume exhalation.

A

Expiratory reserve volume

41
Q

Name the location where pepsin is active.

A

stomach

42
Q

Explain the difference between an enzyme and a substrate.

A

An enzyme is a protein that interacts with material to catalyze chemical reactions; it is not changed by the chemical reaction itself, although what it interacts with is changed. The substrate is the starting material of a chemical reaction. This material is changed by interacting with the enzyme.

43
Q

Label

A
44
Q

Label

A
45
Q
A
46
Q
A
47
Q

Name the primary respiratory muscles involved in quiet inspiration

A

Diaphragm and external intercostals.

48
Q

Label

A
49
Q

What is the volume of air that can be inhaled after a tidal volume inhalation is complete.

A

Inspiratory reserve volume

50
Q

What is the medical term for a pregnant uterus.

A

Gravid uterus

51
Q
A

A – foramen ovale; B – umbilical cord; C – ductus venosus; D – pulmonary trunk; E – inferior vena cava; F – ductus arteriosus

52
Q

Label

A
53
Q

This material emulsifies lipids. What does that mean?

A

When material is emulsified, it is converted from one large fat drop into multiple smaller lipid droplets. This process increases the surface area available for lipid digestion.

54
Q

Name the two locations where amylase is active.

A

Amylase is active in the oral cavity (mouth), esophagus, and duodenum/small intestine

55
Q

Label A, B, C

A

A: Basement membrane

B: Type 1 cell

C: pulmonary capillary endothelium

56
Q
A
57
Q

Label

A
58
Q
A
59
Q

Label where the arrows are

A
60
Q
A
61
Q

Why is it important that the surface tension of water be decreased in the alveolus?

A

Alveoli collapse if the surface tension of alveolar fluid is too high. The fluid forms a droplet, collapsing the alveolus and making the person reinflate every alveolus with each breath. This requires too much work and the person would die of exhaustion if they had to do this.

62
Q

Label

A
63
Q

What is the sum of tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume

A

Vital capacity

64
Q
A
65
Q
A
66
Q
A
67
Q

Label A, B, C, & D

A

A: mucosa

B: Submucosa

C: Hyaline cartlilidge ring

D: Adventita

68
Q
A
69
Q
A
70
Q
A
71
Q

what is the volume of air that moves into or out of the lungs in a typical inspiration or expiration.

A

Tidal volume

72
Q

During quiet expiration, these muscles

A

Relax

73
Q

Name the two fetal structures of the human heart, state the function of each, and state what each structure turns into in the adult heart.

A

The two fetal structure of the human heart are the foramen ovale and the ductus arteriosus. The foramen ovale allows blood to pass from the right atrium to the left atrium. The ductus arteriosus allows blood leaving the right ventricle to go into the aortic arch. Both structures allow blood to bypass the pulmonary circulation/lungs. The foramen ovale becomes the fossa ovalis after birth, and the ductus arteriosus becomes the ligamentum arteriosum. Both of these structures are present in the adult heart.

74
Q
A
75
Q
A