What is the volume of air that cannot be exhaled from the lungs even during a maximal expiration.
Residual volume
What cells produces lipase?
What organ are these cells in?
acinar cells (small amounts are also produced by the salivary glands and the chief cells of the gastric gland)
pancreas
Label cells and their function
Where in the alimentary canal are enzymes denatured, and why?
Enzymes that work in a neutral pH are denatured once they enter the stomach, due to its low pH. Stomach enzymes are denatured when they move to the duodenum, where the pH is much higher in comparison to the stomach.
Occurs between the blood and tissues, and involves oxygen unloading (leaving the blood) and carbon dioxide loading (entering the blood).
Internal respiration
In order for lipid digestion to be effective, must be present
Bile
Explain the difference between the basal layer of the endometrium and the functional layer.
The basal layer of the endometrium is the deeper layer that contains the stem cells that allow the endometrium to regrow. Its thickness is fairly constant and it is not shed during menstruation. The functional layer is the superficial layer that grows and changes in response to hormone levels. Its thickness varies significantly during the uterine cycle and it is shed during menstruation.
last one is active phase ovary
Label
What organs/cells produce amylase?
salivary glands and acinar cells of the exocrine pancreas
What cells produce pepsin?
chief cells of the gastric gland
Name the typical substances found in the urine of a healthy person
water; ions such as sodium, potassium, chloride, and calcium; metabolic wastes such as creatinine and urea
Label A, B, & C
A: Epiglottis
B: cricoid cartilage
C: arytenoid cartilage
What does it mean to say that a protein/enzyme has become denatured?
If a protein/enzyme is denatured, it loses its three-dimensional structure. In the case of proteins in food material, this makes them easier to digest. In the case of enzymes, this makes them non-functional.
Enzymes that are denatured are:
a. completely nonfunctional
c. slightly impaired in function
b. completely functional
d. more efficient at digestion
a. completely nonfunctional
What secretions contain amylase?
Saliva, pancreatic juice
Name the main location where lipase is active.
duodenum/small intestine
Label
The ___________ _____________________ is/are the chemical(s) that are present in solution after a chemical reaction involving an enzyme is completed.
end product(s)
Explain the relationship between thoracic cavity volume and intrapulmonary pressure.
Volume and pressure are inversely proportional – as volume increases, pressure decreases, and vice versa.
Match each of enzyme to its substrate and end product(s). Each enzyme will match to two letters.
Amylase
Pepsin
Lipase
Label
The part of this organ that produces lipase is the _______ part of the organ.
exocrine
Occurs between alveolar air and pulmonary capillary blood, and involves oxygen loading and carbon dioxide unloading.
External respiration
What gas exchange occurs at the respiratory membrane
external respiration
Label
Label
What is is the volume of air that can be exhaled after a tidal volume exhalation.
Expiratory reserve volume
Name the location where pepsin is active.
stomach
Explain the difference between an enzyme and a substrate.
An enzyme is a protein that interacts with material to catalyze chemical reactions; it is not changed by the chemical reaction itself, although what it interacts with is changed. The substrate is the starting material of a chemical reaction. This material is changed by interacting with the enzyme.
Label
Label
Name the primary respiratory muscles involved in quiet inspiration
Diaphragm and external intercostals.
Label
What is the volume of air that can be inhaled after a tidal volume inhalation is complete.
Inspiratory reserve volume
What is the medical term for a pregnant uterus.
Gravid uterus
A – foramen ovale; B – umbilical cord; C – ductus venosus; D – pulmonary trunk; E – inferior vena cava; F – ductus arteriosus
Label
This material emulsifies lipids. What does that mean?
When material is emulsified, it is converted from one large fat drop into multiple smaller lipid droplets. This process increases the surface area available for lipid digestion.
Name the two locations where amylase is active.
Amylase is active in the oral cavity (mouth), esophagus, and duodenum/small intestine
Label A, B, C
A: Basement membrane
B: Type 1 cell
C: pulmonary capillary endothelium
Label
Label where the arrows are
Why is it important that the surface tension of water be decreased in the alveolus?
Alveoli collapse if the surface tension of alveolar fluid is too high. The fluid forms a droplet, collapsing the alveolus and making the person reinflate every alveolus with each breath. This requires too much work and the person would die of exhaustion if they had to do this.
Label
What is the sum of tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume
Vital capacity
Label A, B, C, & D
A: mucosa
B: Submucosa
C: Hyaline cartlilidge ring
D: Adventita
what is the volume of air that moves into or out of the lungs in a typical inspiration or expiration.
Tidal volume
During quiet expiration, these muscles
Relax
Name the two fetal structures of the human heart, state the function of each, and state what each structure turns into in the adult heart.
The two fetal structure of the human heart are the foramen ovale and the ductus arteriosus. The foramen ovale allows blood to pass from the right atrium to the left atrium. The ductus arteriosus allows blood leaving the right ventricle to go into the aortic arch. Both structures allow blood to bypass the pulmonary circulation/lungs. The foramen ovale becomes the fossa ovalis after birth, and the ductus arteriosus becomes the ligamentum arteriosum. Both of these structures are present in the adult heart.