List the three systems of the microscope
light, magnification, mechanical
_____, _____, and _____ make up the light system
light source, iris, and condenser
_____ and _____ make up the magnification system
objectives and ocular
the ____ move and are individually focused
oculars/eyepieces
stage, stage adjustment, coarse and fine focus, arm and base make up the ____ system
mechanical
the low power objective is
4X
the high power objective is
40X
the oil emersion objective is
100X
TM =
objective x ocular (10X)
list the steps to focus on a slide
- Put 4X objective in place
- Use coarse adjustment
- Put 10X objective in place
- Use fine adjustment only from then on
- 40X
- 100X
the more magnification you need to see something the ____ it is
SMALLER
list the two main types of multicellular organisms we looked at
nematodes and platyhelminths
nematodes are ____
round worms
nematodes have two sexes, meaning there are
separate male and female animals
trichinella and enterobius are
nematodes
platyhelminths are ___ worms and usually ____
are flat worms and usually hermaphrodites
list the two types of flatworms
cestodes and trematodes
cestodes are ____ with long, segmented, ribbon shaped bodies
tapeworms
an example of a cestode is
Taenia
the tapeworm head is called a
scolex
cysts are produced by the tapeworm
Echinococcus
trematodes are ____ or ____ shaped ____
are oval or leaf shaped flatworms
trematodes are also called
flukes
one celled eukaryotes are called
protozoa
some protozoa can form a protective cyst stage capable of withstanding
harsh environments
protozoa are classified by
how they move and what they look like
amoeba move by ____ and can form ____
move by bulging out and can form cysts
_____ cause amoebic dysentery
entamoeba
_______ produces severe infection of the intestines that can spread to the liver
amoebic dysentery
___ possess rows of hairlike projections, called cilia around the outside of the body that aid it motility
ciliates
trichomonas, giardia, and trypanosoma are all
flagellates
____ is a common sexually transmitted organism causing infection of the urethra
trichomonas
giardia causes ____ which produces symptoms of diarrhea and other intestinal disturbances
giardia
trypanosoma causes
african sleeping sickness
____ have complex life cycles involving sexual and asexual reproduction
apicomplexa
apicomplexa include these three organisms
plasmodium, toxoplasma, babesia
____ causes malaria
plasmodium
toxoplasma causes
birth defects
we used ____ and ____ plates
rodak and TSA
we streak for isolation to
get pure cultures
how are slants used in the lab
to grow cultures
when we observe how colonies grow on a plate we are looking for….
colony size, shape, and color
whether it is gooey or dry
are the edges rounded or rough
staining is necessary because…
bacteria are so small and have little substance, they also tend to be transparent
we need to stop their motion and make them more visible to the human eye
examples of simple stain
methylene blue, malachite green, and crystal violet
in lab we used simple staining to stain
our cheek cells
list the 4 steps of the gram stain
- crystal violet: + and - are purple
- grams iodine: cements crystal violet into cell wall of gram +
- 95% ethyl alcohol: washes crystal violet out of gram -
- safranin: counterstain, stains gram - pink
Bacillus subtillus (BS) is a
gram + rod
E. coli (EC) is a
gram - rod
Neisseria sicca (NS) is a
gram - cocci
Staphylococcus aureus (SA) is a
gram + cocci
____ is a specialty stain for mycobacteria
acid fast stain
list the three steps of the acid fast stain
- carbofuchsin: both + and - are red
- acid alcohol: washes carbofuchsin out of every single organism except mycobacterium
- methylene blue: counterstain
red on an acid fast stain =
positive
blue on an acid fast stain =
negative
what are two other specialty stains
capsule and flagella stain
_____ allows us to see live organisms swimming around
phase microscope
a starch plate measures
the ability of the organism to break down starch
what enzyme breaks down starch
amylase
what is added to the starch plate after incubation
iodine
for the starch test, if the area around the bacterial growth is clear the starch _____ and is ___
clear the starch has been broken down and is positive
for the starch test, if the area around the bacterial growth is black, the starch _____ and is ____
black, the starch has not been broken down and is negative
the spirit blue plate measures
the ability of the organism to break down lipids
what enzyme breaks down lipids
lipase
for the spirit blue test, if the colonies are blue or there is no growth the test is
NEGATIVE
for the spirit blue test, if the blue color disappears this is
POSITIVE
the DNAse plate measures the ability of the organism to break down
DNA
the enzyme to break down DNA is
DNAse
the DNAse plate starts off
green
for the DNAse plate, if after incubation the plate is yellow this is
positive (DNA has been broken down)
for the DNAse plate, if the plate is green
DNA has not been broken down, this is NEGATIVE
the phenylalanine slant measures
the ability of the organism to remove the amine group from phenylalanine (an amino acid)
enzyme that breaks down amino acids is
deaminase
as the amino acid is broken down it produces a
amine group
we have to add ____ to see the amine group
ferric chloride
if the amine group is present the ferric chloride causes the amine to turn ____ which is positive
green
if the ferric chloride stays yellow this is
negative
urease tube measures
the ability of the organism to break down urea into CO2 and NH3
the enzyme to break down urea is
urease
is the urease tube turns ____ this is positive
purple
if the urease tube turns ___ this is negative
orange
the gelatin tube measures
the ability of an organism to break down gelatin
the enzyme that breaks down gelatin is
gelatinase
if after incubation the gelatin tube is solid the gelatin has ___ and it is _____
the gelatin has not been broken down and it is negative
if the gelatin tube is liquid the gelatin has ____ and is____
the gelatin has been broken down and it is positive
with the carbohydrate fermentation test ___ tubes are used and each are filled with ___ and ____
4 tubes, each with a carbohydrate and a pH indicator
the tubes start off with a pH above ___ and are a __ color
above 7 with a reddish color
as the carbohydrate is broken down the pH is ____ and goes from above 7 (red) to ____
pH is lowered and goes from above 7 (red) to acid (yellow)
red is __ and yellow ___
red = negative yellow = positive
each tube also has a ___ in it
durham tube
the durham tube looks for
formation of gas
an organism cannot produce gas if it does not break down the
carbohydrate
if there is no bubble in the durham tube
it is negative for gas
if there is a bubble in the durham tube it is
positive for gas