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1
Q

List the three systems of the microscope

A

light, magnification, mechanical

2
Q

_____, _____, and _____ make up the light system

A

light source, iris, and condenser

3
Q

_____ and _____ make up the magnification system

A

objectives and ocular

4
Q

the ____ move and are individually focused

A

oculars/eyepieces

5
Q

stage, stage adjustment, coarse and fine focus, arm and base make up the ____ system

A

mechanical

6
Q

the low power objective is

A

4X

7
Q

the high power objective is

A

40X

8
Q

the oil emersion objective is

A

100X

9
Q

TM =

A

objective x ocular (10X)

10
Q

list the steps to focus on a slide

A
  1. Put 4X objective in place
  2. Use coarse adjustment
  3. Put 10X objective in place
  4. Use fine adjustment only from then on
  5. 40X
  6. 100X
11
Q

the more magnification you need to see something the ____ it is

A

SMALLER

12
Q

list the two main types of multicellular organisms we looked at

A

nematodes and platyhelminths

13
Q

nematodes are ____

A

round worms

14
Q

nematodes have two sexes, meaning there are

A

separate male and female animals

15
Q

trichinella and enterobius are

A

nematodes

16
Q

platyhelminths are ___ worms and usually ____

A

are flat worms and usually hermaphrodites

17
Q

list the two types of flatworms

A

cestodes and trematodes

18
Q

cestodes are ____ with long, segmented, ribbon shaped bodies

A

tapeworms

19
Q

an example of a cestode is

A

Taenia

20
Q

the tapeworm head is called a

A

scolex

21
Q

cysts are produced by the tapeworm

A

Echinococcus

22
Q

trematodes are ____ or ____ shaped ____

A

are oval or leaf shaped flatworms

23
Q

trematodes are also called

A

flukes

24
Q

one celled eukaryotes are called

A

protozoa

25
Q

some protozoa can form a protective cyst stage capable of withstanding

A

harsh environments

26
Q

protozoa are classified by

A

how they move and what they look like

27
Q

amoeba move by ____ and can form ____

A

move by bulging out and can form cysts

28
Q

_____ cause amoebic dysentery

A

entamoeba

29
Q

_______ produces severe infection of the intestines that can spread to the liver

A

amoebic dysentery

30
Q

___ possess rows of hairlike projections, called cilia around the outside of the body that aid it motility

A

ciliates

31
Q

trichomonas, giardia, and trypanosoma are all

A

flagellates

32
Q

____ is a common sexually transmitted organism causing infection of the urethra

A

trichomonas

33
Q

giardia causes ____ which produces symptoms of diarrhea and other intestinal disturbances

A

giardia

34
Q

trypanosoma causes

A

african sleeping sickness

35
Q

____ have complex life cycles involving sexual and asexual reproduction

A

apicomplexa

36
Q

apicomplexa include these three organisms

A

plasmodium, toxoplasma, babesia

37
Q

____ causes malaria

A

plasmodium

38
Q

toxoplasma causes

A

birth defects

39
Q

we used ____ and ____ plates

A

rodak and TSA

40
Q

we streak for isolation to

A

get pure cultures

41
Q

how are slants used in the lab

A

to grow cultures

42
Q

when we observe how colonies grow on a plate we are looking for….

A

colony size, shape, and color
whether it is gooey or dry
are the edges rounded or rough

43
Q

staining is necessary because…

A

bacteria are so small and have little substance, they also tend to be transparent
we need to stop their motion and make them more visible to the human eye

44
Q

examples of simple stain

A

methylene blue, malachite green, and crystal violet

45
Q

in lab we used simple staining to stain

A

our cheek cells

46
Q

list the 4 steps of the gram stain

A
  1. crystal violet: + and - are purple
  2. grams iodine: cements crystal violet into cell wall of gram +
  3. 95% ethyl alcohol: washes crystal violet out of gram -
  4. safranin: counterstain, stains gram - pink
47
Q

Bacillus subtillus (BS) is a

A

gram + rod

48
Q

E. coli (EC) is a

A

gram - rod

49
Q

Neisseria sicca (NS) is a

A

gram - cocci

50
Q

Staphylococcus aureus (SA) is a

A

gram + cocci

51
Q

____ is a specialty stain for mycobacteria

A

acid fast stain

52
Q

list the three steps of the acid fast stain

A
  1. carbofuchsin: both + and - are red
  2. acid alcohol: washes carbofuchsin out of every single organism except mycobacterium
  3. methylene blue: counterstain
53
Q

red on an acid fast stain =

A

positive

54
Q

blue on an acid fast stain =

A

negative

55
Q

what are two other specialty stains

A

capsule and flagella stain

56
Q

_____ allows us to see live organisms swimming around

A

phase microscope

57
Q

a starch plate measures

A

the ability of the organism to break down starch

58
Q

what enzyme breaks down starch

A

amylase

59
Q

what is added to the starch plate after incubation

A

iodine

60
Q

for the starch test, if the area around the bacterial growth is clear the starch _____ and is ___

A

clear the starch has been broken down and is positive

61
Q

for the starch test, if the area around the bacterial growth is black, the starch _____ and is ____

A

black, the starch has not been broken down and is negative

62
Q

the spirit blue plate measures

A

the ability of the organism to break down lipids

63
Q

what enzyme breaks down lipids

A

lipase

64
Q

for the spirit blue test, if the colonies are blue or there is no growth the test is

A

NEGATIVE

65
Q

for the spirit blue test, if the blue color disappears this is

A

POSITIVE

66
Q

the DNAse plate measures the ability of the organism to break down

A

DNA

67
Q

the enzyme to break down DNA is

A

DNAse

68
Q

the DNAse plate starts off

A

green

69
Q

for the DNAse plate, if after incubation the plate is yellow this is

A

positive (DNA has been broken down)

70
Q

for the DNAse plate, if the plate is green

A

DNA has not been broken down, this is NEGATIVE

71
Q

the phenylalanine slant measures

A

the ability of the organism to remove the amine group from phenylalanine (an amino acid)

72
Q

enzyme that breaks down amino acids is

A

deaminase

73
Q

as the amino acid is broken down it produces a

A

amine group

74
Q

we have to add ____ to see the amine group

A

ferric chloride

75
Q

if the amine group is present the ferric chloride causes the amine to turn ____ which is positive

A

green

76
Q

if the ferric chloride stays yellow this is

A

negative

77
Q

urease tube measures

A

the ability of the organism to break down urea into CO2 and NH3

78
Q

the enzyme to break down urea is

A

urease

79
Q

is the urease tube turns ____ this is positive

A

purple

80
Q

if the urease tube turns ___ this is negative

A

orange

81
Q

the gelatin tube measures

A

the ability of an organism to break down gelatin

82
Q

the enzyme that breaks down gelatin is

A

gelatinase

83
Q

if after incubation the gelatin tube is solid the gelatin has ___ and it is _____

A

the gelatin has not been broken down and it is negative

84
Q

if the gelatin tube is liquid the gelatin has ____ and is____

A

the gelatin has been broken down and it is positive

85
Q

with the carbohydrate fermentation test ___ tubes are used and each are filled with ___ and ____

A

4 tubes, each with a carbohydrate and a pH indicator

86
Q

the tubes start off with a pH above ___ and are a __ color

A

above 7 with a reddish color

87
Q

as the carbohydrate is broken down the pH is ____ and goes from above 7 (red) to ____

A

pH is lowered and goes from above 7 (red) to acid (yellow)

88
Q

red is __ and yellow ___

A
red = negative
yellow = positive
89
Q

each tube also has a ___ in it

A

durham tube

90
Q

the durham tube looks for

A

formation of gas

91
Q

an organism cannot produce gas if it does not break down the

A

carbohydrate

92
Q

if there is no bubble in the durham tube

A

it is negative for gas

93
Q

if there is a bubble in the durham tube it is

A

positive for gas