POL SC Ch. 11-17 Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in POL SC Ch. 11-17 Deck (206)
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1
Q

Political Factions

A

A group of citizens whose goals and behavior are contrary to those of other groups or to the interests of the community as a whole

2
Q

Mobility of capital

A

Producers and investors enjoy a wide, but not absolute, freedom to shift their operations or investments between sectors of the economy and from one national economy to another.

3
Q

Policy community

A

The constellation of state and societal factors active in a particular policy field

4
Q

Pluralism

A

An explanation of politics that sees organized interests as the central fact of political life and explains politics chiefly in terms of the activities of groups; begat neo-pluralism

5
Q

Corporatism

A

A political structure characterized by the direct participation of organizations representing business and labour in public policy-making

6
Q

Neo-institutionalism

A

A perspective on policy-making that emphasizes the impact of formal and informal structures and rules on political outcomes. The roots of this perspective lie in economics, organization theory, and a reaction to society-centred approaches to understanding politics and policy

7
Q

Policy networks

A

The nature of relations among actors in a policy community

8
Q

Institutional Groups

A

Interest groups characterized by a high degree of organizational sophistication, the distinguishing features of which include: organizational continuity, stable membership, extensive knowledge of sectors of gov’t that affect their members and easy access to public officials in these sectors, concrete immediate objectives, and overall organizational goals that are more important than any specific objective

9
Q

Free-rider problem

A

As the number of members in an organization increases, the likelihood that some individuals will believe that they can reap the benefits of the organization’s actions without having to contribute to it also increases

10
Q

Iron triangle

A

An American term used to describe the closed system of relations between an interest group and the administrative or regulatory agencies and congressional committees with which the group normally deals

11
Q

Advocacy advertising

A

The purchase of newspaper/magazine space, signs or billboards, or broadcast time to convey a political message

12
Q

Lobbying

A

Any form of direct or indirect communication with public officials that is intended to influence public policy. It is not limited to organizations representing the powerful and is not inherently undemocratic

13
Q

Propaganda

A

The promotion of a particular ideology or view on public policy by the public media dissemination of selected information and/or misinformation.

14
Q

Infotainment

A

A hybrid television form that packages news and public affairs reporting in an entertainment format that typically includes a ‘celebrity journalist/host’, short analysis that emphasizes action, confrontation, and controversy, and relatively little historical and background information. aka ‘soft news’

15
Q

Split-run publications

A

American magazines, such as Time, that published a Canadian edition at low cost by importing the American version via satellite, adding some pages of Canadian content, and thereby qualifying for the same advertising rates that apply to Canadian-based magazines.

16
Q

Canadian content

A

Media content that is demonstrably Canadian according to various criteria related to writes and composers, performers, producers and place of production.

17
Q

JPMS

A

Jolts-per-minute; refers to the First Law of Commercial Television: “Thou shalt give them enough jmb or thou shalt lose them”

18
Q

Repertory of stereotypes

A

Refers to the media’s tendency to fit current news to a limited number of stereotypes that make news stories more easily understandable for audiences/readers, but that also sacrifice nuance and even distorting the news by squeezing it into a familiar package.

19
Q

News management

A

The practice of organizing press conferences, photo opportunities, and other planned events in ways that accommodate the media’s need for images and information that are available by newspaper/broadcast deadlines and in a form likely to be attractive to news editors and to readers or viewers.

20
Q

Manufacture consent

A

Refers to government’s use of propagandistic techniques to cultivate popular acceptance of its rule.

21
Q

Bilingual belt

A

The narrow region running from Moncton, NW to Sault St Marie, ON, in which is found the vast majority of Canada’s francophone population and where the rate of francophone assimilation is lower than elsewhere in Canada

22
Q

Receptive bilinguals

A

People who are capable of responding to the French communication but do not themselves initiate conversations in French, consume French-language media, or seek out opportunities to live in their acquired second language

23
Q

Conquest, 1759

A

The military victory of the British forces in what was New France. A symbol in French Canada of subjugation to the English community and the loss of communal autonomy

24
Q

unholy alliance

A

three pillars of conservative Quebec establishment: Catholic church, Anglophone capital, and the Union Nationale

25
Q

rattrapage

A

catching up; one of the key goals of the anti-establishment challenge to the conservative ideology and elites that dominated Quebec during the 1940s and 1950s. Involved bring Quebec’s society, economy, and government up to the level of development that existed in the rest of Canada, a goal that required a larger and more interventionist provincial government.

26
Q

Cite libre

A

The intellectual review founded in the 1950’s by prominent Quebecers (Trudeau), which was on of the key centres for opposition to the so-called unholy alliance of the Church, anglophone capital, and the Union Nationale.

27
Q

Quiet Revolution

A

The early 1960’s in Quebec when the provincial LIberal gov’t reorganized and developed the Quebec state to take control of important institutions such as education and the economy.

28
Q

Maitres chez nous

A

The Quebec Liberal Party’s 1962 election campaign slogan, meaning ‘masters in our own house’. It captured the new spirit of Quebec nationalism that emerged during the period of the Quiet Revolution

29
Q

Bill 101

A

1977; Made French the sole official language in Quebec for purposes of provincial public administration, restricted access to English-language schools, and imposed French-language requirements on business in Quebec.

30
Q

Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism

A

B & B; first step towards the adoption by Ottawa of a policy of official bilingualism

31
Q

Distinct society

A

Doesn’t have the force of constitutional law

32
Q

Calgary declaration

A

A statement agreed to in 1997 by all of the provincial premiers except Quebec’s. It stopped short of endorsing the recognition of Quebec as a distinct society, instead referring to the ‘unique character of Quebec society’.

33
Q

two-nations theory

A

Canada, viewed from this perspective, is fundamentally a partnership between two ethnolinguistic communities or nations, one French-speaking and the other English-speaking. This premise underlies such constitutional proposals as a Quebec right of veto over constitutional reform and recognition of Quebec as a distinct society; has never been very popular with the English-Canadian public

34
Q

Charter groups-historically

A

2 of them in Canada: French and British Canadians

35
Q

Visble minority

A

People who belong to a minority that is non-white in colour or race, but that doesn’t include Aboriginal Canadians.

36
Q

interculturalism

A

A Quebec variant of multiculturalism. Involves a policy of reconciliation and mutual adaptation on the part of both the dominant majority and minorities: both sides must be prepared to make cultural concessions.

37
Q

Communitarianism

A

Those belief systems, like socialism, based on the premise that real human freedom and dignity are only possible in the context of communal relations that allow for the public recognition of group identities and that are based on equal respect for these different group identities.

38
Q

First Nations

A

Communities descended from those who inhabited NA before the arrival of Europeans.

39
Q

Inuit

A

Aboriginal people who comprise the vast majority of those living in the Canadian Arctic. Migrated to NA from northeast Asia

40
Q

Reserves

A

Territories set aside under treaties between the federal government and Indian communities for the members of such communities; the vast majority of those residing on reserves are status Indians.

41
Q

Metis

A

Originally, the mixed-blood descendants of unions between Indian women and Scots or French-speaking traders and settlers in the Red River region of MB; more recently the term has been applied to and appropriated by other groups in Canada of missed Aboriginal and European ancestry.

42
Q

Royal Proclamation Act of 1763

A

Dealt with the North American territories that were formally surrendered by France to England under the terms of the Treaty of Paris and included detailed provisions regarding relations between the British and Native inhabitants of these territories, whereby unsettled lands were reserved for the Indians and could by alienated only by the Crown,.

43
Q

White Paper

A

1969; An ambitious set of reforms to Aboriginal policy proposed by the Liberal government, it would have ended the system of Indian reserves and abolished different status for Indians under law. It was strongly opposed by most Native spokespersons and was soon abandoned.

44
Q

RCAP

A

Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples; Commission established by the federal government in 1991. Its report included about 440 recommendations for the reform of Aboriginal Policy. The fundamental premise was the original sovereignty of Native peoples and their ownership of the land to which they laid historic claim should be acknowledged and their right to self-government should be embedded in the Constitution

45
Q

Aboriginal self-government

A

Premised on the idea that Native communities should be viewed as possessing at least some of the attributes of sovereign peoples and that, therefore, they have a right to be self-governing.

46
Q

Citizens plus

A

Cairns’s proposal for a new form of citizenship based on what he calls the ‘positive recognition of difference’. In addition to being thought of and treated under law as Canadian citizens, native Canadians would also have a status based on treaty rights and laws and institutions that recognize them as different in some respects

47
Q

Canada-US Free Trade Agreement

A

FTA; A wide-ranging trade agreement between Canada and the US that has been in effect since 1989. It reversed the historical pattern of Canadian protectionism that was enshrined in the National Policy of 1878-89 but that had been steadily eroded after WWII. It created an architecture of dispute settlement rules, agencies, and monitoring requirements.

48
Q

Globalization

A

The increasing interdependence of states, economies and societies throughout the world, a phenomena characterized by, dramatically higher levels of international trade and capital mobility than in the past, the increased mobility and migration of peoples, cultural convergence in terms of consumer tastes between societies, and the emergence of international institutions for the development and enforcement of economic and human rights standards

49
Q

State capacity

A

A state’s ability to maintain social safety nets and pursue non-market goals such as protection of the environment and promotion of equality. Suggested that a ‘deficit’ in state capacity, resulting from low levels of training and professionalism, inadequate technology, and corruption, impedes the ability of many developing countries to take advantage of economic opportunities presented by globablization.

50
Q

North American Free Trade Agreement

A

NAFTA

51
Q

Multilateralism

A

An approach to the resolution of problems that relies on collective decision-making through international organizations such as the UN, the International Criminal Court, NATO, and the WTO. It is based on the assumption that member states should be willing to give up some national sovereignty and accept the decisions of multilateral organizations to which they belong

52
Q

Soft power

A

Forms of international influence based on culture, values, and the perceived legitimacy of a nation’s international aims, rather than on armaments, sanctions and coercion.

53
Q

charter groups-currently

A

rights-seeking organizations representing such groups as women, gays and lesbians, disabled persons, and Aboriginal Canadians.

54
Q

How is multiculturalism different from interculturalism?

A

Multiculturalism doesn’t assume a majority group as part of the equation or an explicit need for concession

55
Q

How are policies most likely to be determined?

A

By forces generated within the state and by the actions of organized groups outside of it

56
Q

Interest Groups

A

private associations which promote their interests by attempting to influence government rather than by nominating candidates and seeking responsibility for the management of government; seek to promote goals that aren’t shared by all members of society; 20,000

57
Q

What is the business and upper-class bias of interest-group politics?

A

Product both of superior resources and of the relatively limited size and exclusive character of these special interests

58
Q

What are the keys to understanding the political successes and failures of businesses and interest groups?

A

Popular opinion and sophistication of interest group organization

59
Q

When is a business’s ability to influence public policy the greatest?

A

When the public is worried about the long-term strength of the economy and weakest when the economy’s ability to produce jobs and to increase incomes is taken for granted

60
Q

Entrepreneurial politics

A

the ability of politicians and interest groups to identify issues around which popular support can be mobilized in opposition to business interests; astute use of the media and adept packaging of a group’s message are essential

61
Q

PETA

A

People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals; farming practices and food industries

62
Q

EGALE

A

Equality for Gays and Lesbians Everywhere; discrimination on the basis of sexual preference

63
Q

Post-pluralism

A

state actors in some policy communities may be quite capable of resisting pressures coming from highly organized, well-heeled business interests

64
Q

What 2 conclusions does the pluralist theory draw?

A
  1. the state itself is viewed as a sort of interest group 2. despite the possibility that the state may have interests of its own, its chief political function is to ratify the balance of group interests in society and to enforce the policies that embody this balance of power
65
Q

What are the 3 characteristics that corporatism is based on?

A
  1. existence of peak associations for business and labour 2. formal integration of business and labour into structures of state authority 3. ideology of social partnership
66
Q

peak associations

A

organizations that can credibly claim to represent all significant interests within the business and labour communities and which have the ability to negotiate on behalf of the interests they represent

67
Q

Pluralism vs. corporatist system

A

corporatist system is more consensus-oriented and obliterates the barriers between the state and the societal interests represented through corporatist decision-making structures

68
Q

CCC

A

Canadian Chamber of Commerce; loose federation of provincial and local chambers, individual corporations and trade associations.

69
Q

What is the largest of Canada’s Labour associations?

A

Canadian Labour Congress

70
Q

What are 4 categories of incentives that underlie the interior dynamics of interest groups?

A
  1. Material incentives 2. Specific solidarity incentives (intangible rewards) 3. Collective solidarity incentives 4. Purposive incentives
71
Q

Collective solidarity incentives

A

Intangible rewards that are created by the act of associating together in an organized group, and which are enjoyed by all members of the group

72
Q

Purposive incentives

A

intangible rewards that derive from the sense of satisfaction of having contributed to the attainment of a worthwhile cause

73
Q

What are the building blocks of neo-institutionalism?

A

policy communities (the constellation of actors in a particular policy field) and policy networks

74
Q

Policy communities

A

best viewed as solar systems that are themselves influenced by the gravitational tug of cultural and institutional forces emanating from the centre of the larger galaxy in which they move. (fg. 11.1)

75
Q

LEAF

A

Women’s Legal Education and Action Fund; a regular and prominent intervener in Charter cases involving alleged sexual discrimination

76
Q

What are the 3 differences between the monetary resources of the major business interest groups and those of other organized groups?

A
  1. Business-don’t rely on their collective associations for political influence to the extent as other groups 2. Business groups rest on more secure financial footings because they don’t depend on gov’t or charitable foundation funding 3. Business groups have more ability to raise money to deal with a ‘crisis’ issue
77
Q

FTA

A

Canada-US Free Trade Agreement

78
Q

CCCE

A

Canadian Council of Chief Executives; focus is primarily on matters of trade and finance and it is a strong voice in favour of Canada-Us economic integration and trade liberalization globally

79
Q

MAI

A

Multilateral Agreement on Investment; would’ve imposed serious restrictions on gov’ts ability to discriminate against foreign investors

80
Q

What are other resources that enable a group to influence what gets on the policy agenda?

A

electoral influence, that capacity to affect the economy negatively, and group cohesion

81
Q

What will influence the political influence of a group?

A

The concentration of a group’s members in a particular region, other things being equal

82
Q

NAC

A

National Action Committee on the status of Women; ended in 2004

83
Q

How many Canadians do labour unions represent?

A

Fewer than 40%

84
Q

Multiple crack hypothesis

A

the existence of two levels of government provides interest groups with an opportunity to seek from one government what they can’t get from the other

85
Q

What are the 3 interpretations of federalism’s impact on interest groups?

A
  1. multiple crack hypothesis 2. a federal constitution tends to weaken group influence by reducing the internal cohesion of organized groups 3. statist interpretation: governments and their sprawling bureaucracies increasingly dominate the policy making scene, particularly when jurisdictional issues are involved.
86
Q

UI

A

Unemployment Insurance program

87
Q

What are the three basic strategies open to interest groups?

A
  1. target policy-makers directly (lobbying option) 2. target public opinion 3. Judicial action-very public challenge and leaves a winner and a loser
88
Q

What are the generalizations of group influence?

A
  1. be involved early in the process 2. groups that are well-established members of a policy community will tend to prefer lobbying 3. Groups that aren’t well established will rely on confrontation, media campaigns, and other public strategies 4. Where a group’s interests are significantly affected by regulation, lobbying strategies will be most successful 5. The era of vested interests relying on lobbying strategies has passed 6. A successful influence strategy is usually expensive
89
Q

CEI

A

Corporate Ethics International; against oil in Alberta

90
Q

Who is the biggest spender on advocacy advertising?

A

government

91
Q

What do lobbyists do?

A

spend most of their time collecting and communicating information on behalf of interests they represent; early warning system; monitor the political scene; provide information about how and where to access the policy-making system and strategies for influencing policies or winning contracts; provide advice and professional assistance in putting together briefs, etc.; help to build strategic coalitions with other groups

92
Q

What are the 3 categories of lobbyists?

A
  1. Consultant lobbyists 2. Corporate in-house lobbyists 3. Organization in-house lobbyists
93
Q

Consultant lobbyist

A

for a fee, work for various clients

94
Q

Corporate in-house lobbyists

A

those who work for a single corporation and who lobby federal officials as a significant part of their duties

95
Q

Organization in-house lobbyists

A

the senior paid officers and other employees of organizations-business, labour, environmental, charitable- whose activities would include lobbying federal officials

96
Q

What are the most frequent subjects on which lobbyists have plied their trade?

A
  1. Industry 2. international trade 3. taxation and finance
97
Q

What is crucial to the health of democracy?

A

the media

98
Q

CRTC

A

Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission; the industry’s regulatory watchdog

99
Q

What is the major political issue in the case of magazines?

A

foreign ownership

100
Q

What are some of the incidental messages communicated through commercial advertising?

A

Consumerism, gender stereotyping, sexual imagery and innuendo

101
Q

Iron Law of the marketplace

A

they must be able to sell a product that will attract enough subscribers, advertisers, buyers, or patrons to cover production costs, and usually , earn a competitive return on investment.

102
Q

PBS

A

Public Broadcasting System; viewer supported network in the US

103
Q

DBS

A

Direct Broadcast satellite

104
Q

What does the most to promote Canadian ownership in media?

A

The Income Tax Act

105
Q

Who has done the most to Canadianize the airwaves

A

CBC

106
Q

NFB

A

National Film Board; mandate is to ‘interpret Canada to Canadians and the rest of the world’

107
Q

Emphasis on confrontation

A

Has 2 virtues: 1. involves action 2. Conflict helps to present a story in a way that viewers can easily grasp

108
Q

Who is news-gathering and reporting carried out by?

A

Organizations

109
Q

What makes one a ‘publicly acknowledged expert’?

A

affiliation with a respectable institution

110
Q

What are the factors that the mass media’s demand for the ideas and information by experts based on?

A
  1. the media’s self-image as dispenser of the news and reporter of the facts 2. the media’s need for low-cost information and instant analysis 3. media organizations need information that ‘can be portrayed as presumptively accurate.’
111
Q

What 2 things are important in determining what becomes news?

A
  1. predictability (the more predictable the event, the more likely it will be covered) 2. visual appeal
112
Q

What are differences between English-Canadian journalists and their audiences and readerships?

A
  1. Journalists are less religious than the public 2. The public is more conservative on social issues 3. Journalists are considerably more likely than the general public to vote for NDP
113
Q

‘The higher, the fewer’

A

Although female participation levels in politics are about the same as men’s for activities like voting and campaigning, the proportion of women tends to decrease as the political activity becomes more demanding, such as holding office in a political party or being a candidate for public office

114
Q

Suffragists

A

Advocates of the right to vote for women.

115
Q

Gender roles

A

One of the fundamental premises of much of contemporary feminism is that male and female genders are socially constructed. This premise provides the intellectual basis for attacks on many of the traditional roles and expectations between males and females.

116
Q

Women’s liberation

A

Refers to the struggle for equal rights for women. Coined during the 1960s.

117
Q

Maternal feminism

A

aka social feminism; describes the early women’s movement from the late 1800s to the early 20 century; accepted the assumption that the biological differences between men and women provided the basis for their different social roles, women being by nature more caring about life and the conditions that nurture it.

118
Q

Sexism

A

Label for behavior that treats males and females unequally for no other reason than the fact of being male or female

119
Q

Affirmative action

A

Measures intended to increase the representation of a targeted group or groups beyond what it would be without special intervention. May include hiring and promotion practices, school admission policies, selection rules for committees.

120
Q

NAC

A

National Action Committee on the Status of Women; during the 1980s, it was generally viewed by the media and gov’t as the major organizational voice for the women’s movement. Ceased to operate by 2003

121
Q

Persons case

A

The JCPC overturned a Supreme Court of Canada ruling that women were not considered persons for purposes of holding certain public offices.

122
Q

Substantive equality

A

An approach to the interpretation of equality rights and s. 15 of the Charter premised on the idea that individuals may experience advantages or disadvantages as a result of belonging to a particular group and the their equality rights claims should be judged against the reality of these group-based inequalities in society. (opposite of formal equality)

123
Q

Formal equality

A

may be applied by the courts to the Charter’s equality guarantees. Requires that all individuals be treated the same under the law, regardless of the fact that the life circumstances of members of different groups may be significantly different and may affect the likelihood of their achieving constitutional guarantees of equality.

124
Q

JCPC

A

Judicial Committee of the Privy Council

125
Q

What percentage of Canada used to be French

A

33%

126
Q

What percentage of Canada is French today?

A

about 22%

127
Q

What was the key factor in shifting the linguistic balance of Quebec?

A

Immigration

128
Q

What percentage of Quebec population speaks French in the home? (2006)

A

81%

129
Q

Where is the language transfer the greatest?

A

Younger generations

130
Q

What % of bilinguals of Canada reside in Quebec?

A

over 50%

131
Q

How much greater is the rate of bilingualism in Quebec than Ontario?

A

4 x

132
Q

What was French-Canadian nationalism originally?

A

A system of self-defence

133
Q

What are the 3 factors why francophones didn’t succumb to assimilationist pressures?

A
  1. Policies of British colonial authorities in New France (formal protection of Roman Catholic Religion) 2. Demography 3. Defensive posture
134
Q

What are the 3 main components of the traditional nationalism of Quebec?

A
  1. Catholic religion and French language-distinct nation 2. French Canada had a mission-remain faithful to its roots, and to resist the lure of materialistic, English, Protestant pressures 3. French Canada was defined by socio-cultural characteristics, not by the territory of Quebec
135
Q

What did the Quebec state replace in 1960?

A

authority of the Catholic church in the areas of social services and education, and acquired more economic functions

136
Q

How were Quebec separatists and anti-Duplessis forces divided?

A
  1. split between federalists and those who advocated either special statues or independence for Quebec 2. concerned the size and functions of the Quebec state 3. Ideological lines
137
Q

Under Bill 101, under what conditions could children enrol in an English school? (4)

A
  1. their parents had been educated in English in Quebec 2. they had a sibling already going to an English school 3. their parents were educated in English outside of Quebec but were living in the province when the law was passed 4.. they were already enrolled in an English school when the law came into effect
138
Q

What are the 3 main components of language equality set forth in the Official Languages Act?

A
  1. the public’s right to be served by the federal government in the official language of their choice 2. the equitable representation of francophones and Anglophones in the federal public service 3. the ability of public servants of both language groups to work in the language of their choice
139
Q

Where was Francophone under-representation greatest?

A

Managerial, scientific, and technical job categories

140
Q

What percentage of all Canadian francophones reside in Quebec?

A

close to 90%

141
Q

What 3 principles in the Constitution Act 198 are opposed to the recognition of Quebec as a distinct society?

A
  1. The equality of all Canadian citizens and the unity of the society 2. The equality of all cultures 3. The equality of the 10 provinces in Canada
142
Q

What are the 3 core values of Canadian politics?

A

respect for diversity; equality; freedom

143
Q

What are the 2 premises that Canada was built on?

A
  1. displacement and marginalization of Aboriginal Canadians 2. settlement and development of the land by European immigrants
144
Q

When did immigrants from Eastern and southern Europe become increasingly important within Canada’s overall immigration picture?

A

between 1950s and 1970s

145
Q

Historically, where were the sources for most of Canada’s immigration?

A

Europe and the US

146
Q

In recent years, where are the sources for most of Canada’s immigration?

A

Asia, Middle East, and the Caribbean

147
Q

How have families changed?

A

smaller; more single parent families; many more couples choose not to marry; same-sex couples are more frequent

148
Q

How has sexuality changed?

A

the willingness of non-heterosexuals to proclaim openly their sexuality and the readiness of a growing number of Canadians to accept this in many circumstances.

149
Q

How has disability changed?

A

a greater proportion of people are disabled today than at any point in Canada’s history. 1/8 Canadians claim to experience either a mental or physical disability. There is has been a change in society’s idea about what constitutes disabilities and the legal definition of what counts as a disability

150
Q

Quebec Act of 1774

A

represented the first official confirmation of the status and rights of a particular segment of the population.

151
Q

SOS

A

Secretary of State; played a pivotal role in financing diversity advocacy

152
Q

Dutch guilt

A

widespread feeling that the Netherlands didn’t do enough to resist the Nazi occupation and the deportation of Dutch Jews

153
Q

What is the main difference between Canadian and American multiculturalism?

A

In Canada it is enshrined in law and the Constitution

154
Q

What values are at the heart of French civic identity?

A

freedom, equality, and social solidarity

155
Q

What % of the French population is Muslim

A

10%

156
Q

In 2006, what % of immigrants came from countries outside of Europe and the US?

A

60%

157
Q

What is the current fertility rate in Canada?

A

1.6

158
Q

Why has the immigration to Canada changed?

A
  1. several European countries are becoming more affluent and no longer emigrating 2. reform of the immigration law.
159
Q

What are the 4 main factors that slow or block entry of highly educated, skilled immigrants?

A
  1. Language proficiency 2. Cultural norms 3. Work experience 4. Credentials
160
Q

WCTU

A

Women’s Christian Temperance Union; supported female suffrage on the grounds that women voters would inject a morally uplifting element into the grubby business of politics

161
Q

NCWC

A

National Council of Women of Canada; supported female suffrage on the grounds that women voters would inject a morally uplifting element into the grubby business of politics

162
Q

What is the basic premise of the second wave of the women’s movement?

A

Gender role differences aren’t inherent. They are socially constructed-passed on and relearned from generation to generation

163
Q

How have the traditional roles of women limited them?

A

spatially, cognitively, emotionally

164
Q

Today, about how many families have one breadwinner?

A

10%

165
Q

What 3 issues did the early women’s movement focus on?

A

political rights, legal rights, and social reform

166
Q

Nationally, when did women become citizens?

A

1917-1919

167
Q

Why didn’t early feminists rely on the established political parties as vehicles for reform?

A
  1. Attitude of the parties-hostile towards rights for women 2. Their movement was issue-based
168
Q

What were plausible reasons why there was a lack of change with feminism? pg. 470

A
  1. The nature of early feminism 2, The party system 3. Societal attitudes
169
Q

Why was the second wave of feminism more effective than the early women’s movement?

A
  1. Sexuality was talked about more openly 2. Secularism-in both goals and inspiration; the traditional moral authority of religion was weaker 3. Economic change-women constituted a ‘reserve army’
170
Q

Why was their an increase in participation rate of women?

A
  1. Falling real family incomes 2. labour saving appliances and higher female educational attainment 3. Higher wages attracted women to outside employment
171
Q

What are the three types of achievements of modern feminists? Pg. 480

A
  1. legislative reform 2. changes in the process of decision-making 3. improvements in the material/social conditions of women
172
Q

SWC

A

Status of Women Canada

173
Q

What % of women are employed in clerical, sales, and service jobs?

A

60%; almost the same as 50 years ago

174
Q

What is the average income of full-time females compared to males?

A

not quite 75%

175
Q

Why do women get paid less?

A
  1. segregation of women into low-paying occupations 2. more women than men having part-time jobs 3. greater seniority of male employers
176
Q

What % of people in Canada under the poverty line are women?

A

60%

177
Q

What % of low income families are headed by women?

A

over 33%

178
Q

What are the 2 factors that contribute to “glass ceiling”

A
  1. ambition continues to be seen as more of a masculine than feminine trait 2. balancing the demands of a high-powered job with family committments
179
Q

YWCA

A

Young Women’s Christian Association

180
Q

CARAL

A

Canadian Abortion Rights Action League

181
Q

Glass ceiling

A

women are rare at the highest rungs of the business ladder

182
Q

What % of Aboriginal incomes do government transfer payments make up?

A

20%

183
Q

What % of Aboriginals between the ages of 25 and 64 haven’t completed high school?

A

33%

184
Q

What does Eskimo mean?

A

Eaters of raw meat; now referred to as Inuit

185
Q

Status Indian

A

anyone who has been registered or is entitled to be registered under the Indian Act, including those who belong to communities covered by treaties

186
Q

How many reserves are there in Canada?

A

over 2700; over 67% are in BC

187
Q

What % of reserves are uninhabited?

A

75%

188
Q

About how many Indians live on reserves?

A

400,000

189
Q

What was a central objective of French Colonial policy?

A

Conversion of native population to Christianity

190
Q

What are considered to be necessary for the survival of Aboriginal culture?

A

ownership and control over lands to which Aboriginal peoples claim a historic right

191
Q

AFN

A

Assembly of First Nations

192
Q

INAC

A

Indian and Northern Affairs Canada; largest employer of Native Canadians

193
Q

What are probably consequences of citizens plus?

A
  1. an ever-increasing flow of public money will go to Natives 2. More money for reserves-encourage Natives to stay there and remain on a government life-support system 3. more money and more self-governance
194
Q

How do most Canadians view Canada?

A
  1. peace-loving people 2. respected, listened to and admired abroad 3. stand for multilateralism 4. we ‘hit above our weight’ in international affairs
195
Q

OAS

A

Organization of American States

196
Q

What % of Canadian exports go to US?

A

75%

197
Q

What % of Canadian imports are from US?

A

60%

198
Q

How do the rules and settlement mechanisms created under the FTA and NAFTA affect member governments?

A

Makes it more difficult to pursue trade polices that favour their domestic interests

199
Q

NATO

A

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

200
Q

OECD

A

Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development

201
Q

What are the 3 national attributes that international influence requires?

A
  1. moral authority as a good global citizen 2. military capacity 3. international assistance capability
202
Q

NAACP

A

National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People; 1909; wanted more rights and recognition

203
Q

CAFA

A

Confederation Alberta Faculty Association

204
Q

CUPE

A

Canadian Union of Pubic Employees

205
Q

UEL

A

United Empire Loyalists

206
Q

DP’s

A

Displaced persons; refugees