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Theology > ✅Pluralism And Thelogy > Flashcards

✅Pluralism And Thelogy Flashcards

1
Q

What is theology of religion?

A

Looks from the view point of Christianity on issues of truth, belief, salvation, and dialogue.

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2
Q

What was Alan race’s book called

A

Christians and religions pluralism. 1982

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3
Q

What did Alan race think of the perspectives of Christians?

A

He identifies 3 broad perspectives that Christians might adopt when understanding their relationship to believers of other faiths. Called them exclusivism, inclusivism and pluralism.

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4
Q

What was Knitters book called

A

Introducing theologies of religion 2002

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5
Q

What did knitter include in his book?

A

Set out. System with 4 different ways of looking at the relationship between Christianity and their world faiths.

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6
Q

What is exclusivism?

A

The belief that salvation can only be found through Christianity and that other religions cannot lead people to the right relationship with God.

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7
Q

What do exclusivists think is different with Christianity?

A

Jesus Christ, the son of god, brought salvation to the world once and for all.

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8
Q

What is the particularist view?

A

The same as exclusivist, finding a less negative tone in the word particular than exclusive.

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9
Q

What is the narrow exclusivist approach?

A

The view that salvation is available only to people who belong o their own particle demonisation within Christianity.

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10
Q

example of narrow exclusivism

A

Some Christians take the world of the Bible literally, might make a distinction between what they all bible-believing Christians and others. This is a demonination

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11
Q

Who had the views of a narrow exclusivist?

A

Augustine and calvin

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12
Q

what were augustine and Calvin’s view on narrow exclusivist?

A

God elects through grace only a small number of Christians for heaven, so that simply belonging to Christianity isn’t a guarantee to salvation.

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13
Q

What does “extra ecclesiam nulla salus “ mean

A

There is no salvation outside the church”

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14
Q

What is the Vatican II?

A

. Vatican II were meetings in 1962 and 1965 in which leading figures discussed relationships with other Christian demoninations and other religions.

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15
Q

What happened after Vatican II

A

Attitude changed. It led to a more outward looking Catholicism with the view that were not as narrowly exclusivist as before.

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16
Q

what is broad exclusivism?

A

All people who accept Christ through faith are saved, regardless of the kind of church to which they belong or the style of worship they prefer.

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17
Q

What is D’Costa book

A

Christianity and world religions 2009

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18
Q

what did D’Costa divide exclusivism into?

A

2 groups.

Restrictive access exclusivists and universal access exclusivists.

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19
Q

What are restrictive exclusivists in D’Costas view?

A

Follow similar view to John Clavin, who holds that salvation is only for those who hear and respond to the gospel during their earthy lies before death.

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20
Q

What is universal access exclusivism?

A

Christ’s salvation is offered to all and that is the will of God, that everyone hold come to love him.

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21
Q

What is pluralism?

A

The freedom of speech and religion. Tolerates differences.

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22
Q

What are the 2 problems with pluralism?

A

Epistemological:is there a common ground, believe in the same thing?
Soteriological: can people of non X believes receive gods salvation

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23
Q

What is required to reach salvation?

A

Necessary and sufficient conditions. Depends on the controlling beliefs of specific Christian traditions.

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24
Q

What are the Christian conditions to salvation?

A

Belief in god is necessary but not sufficient
Belief in Christ is necessary and sufficient
Belief in Christ is sufficient but not necessary
Necessary conditions such as love an kindness etc

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25
Q

what are D’Costas controlling belief?

A

Sola christus, Gods grace is only possible through jesus
Salvation isn’t possible outside church (extra exxlesiam nulla solus)
God and creation, god created the world
God offers bliss or damnation after death
Incapable of knowing god.

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26
Q

What is inclusivism?

A

Christ is the means to salvation, but that does imply that its only possible to be saved inside the church.
Anonymous Christians may also reach salvation.

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27
Q

What is pluralism?

A

there are many paths to salvation and Christianity is just one of those paths. Other religions offer equally valid ways that lead to salvation and heaven.

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28
Q

What is Hicks book called?

A

God and the universe of faiths 1995

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29
Q

What is McGraths book called?

A

Christian theology 2010 5th edition

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30
Q

What does Karl Rahner think of exclusivism?

A

Rahner defends the solus Christus principle, but still think that there can be salvation outside visible church, therefore he is an inclusivism.

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31
Q

What is chirstocentric?

A

Christian belief hat first is at the centre of faith and only through Christ can someone achieve salvation.

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32
Q

What is interfaith dialogue?

A

Sharing and discussing religious views between members of different traditions with an aim of reaching better understanding

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33
Q

what does Karl Barth think of exclusivism?

A

Generally considered an exclusivist thinker. God cannot be known through human efforts, god can only be known through the grace of Jesus.

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34
Q

What is Hendricks Kraemers thoughts on exclusivism?

A

He was the leading fire in the Netherlands to bring different Cristian denominations together in the ecumenical movement.
His book was very influential for Christian missionaries working in non Christian countries.

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35
Q

What did Kraemers book argue?

A

Emphasises that non Christians cannot achieve salvation through their own faith systems,but must convert to Christianity.

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36
Q

What is the argument Russell says about exclusivism?

A

Only one religion is true!

“It is evident as a matter of logic since they disagree, not more than one of them can be true”

37
Q

Russells book

A

“Why i am not a Christian 1927”

38
Q

What does Michael Barnes think of exclusivism?

A

Risk to have an interfaith between non Christian faiths because Christian truth become revitalised.

39
Q

Wat is important to Barth?

A

God may only reveal himself to those he chooses. Must be special revelation. The trinity is important, as no other religions has it. Uses the term “lesser lights” which reflects the light of Christ
Jesus is most important form, as he was god in human form. Jesus is only reliable way to gain genuine knowledge of God.

40
Q

strengths of exclusivism

A

Supported by the parable of the sheep and goats

41
Q

Weaknesses of exclusivism

A

Means God isn’t omnibelevolent.
If god is eternal, then surely no one can understand him and no one religion can claim complete truth
Ignores the idea of the trinity (D’Costa)
Wrongly judge universalism as undermining Christian controlling beliefs.

42
Q

What did Karl Rahner say about structural inclusivism?

A

We all have sensus divinatis. The sense of the divine.

However Christianity can offer grace fully through revelation in Jesus.

43
Q

What types of inclusivism does D’Costa show?

A

Structural inclusivism and restriction inclusivism

44
Q

what is structural inclusivism ?

A

Any religion whose structure develop openness to gods grace as revealed through Jesus, May receive Gods salvation.

45
Q

Who developed structural inclusivism

A

Karl rahner

46
Q

what 4 part of structural inclusivism did Rahner add?

A

Existential openness to Grace
Anonymous Christianity
Anonymous Christians
Invisible and visible church

47
Q

What is existential openness to Grace?

A

All human experience of knowledge is finite.
Human knowledge is finite and thus have to accept that they can have an unconditional “openness”to existence .
This openness suggests ha all humans, whether they known it or not, desire grace and salvation.
Deep Down, all James are aware of their mortality

48
Q

What is anonymous Christianity?

A

Means any religious institution through its structures, practises and values is a means of Grace.
Someone who lives morally outside the institution, how should they be judged?

49
Q

What are anonymous Christians ?

A

People who lived before jesus, and people who do not know about Christ.

50
Q

what is the visible and invisible church?

A

The invisible church is when Christianity play in bringing the teachings of Christianity into the world.
If a moral cation is gd and is set or example of jesus, it is judged by the visible church.

51
Q

What is restrictive inclusivism?

A

Argues that although God makes provision for individuals who have not heard the gospel but have responded positively to the natural law conscience and etc.

52
Q

What are the criticisms of restrictive inclusivism?

A

RI is not different from universal access exclusivism.

Rahners ST is more successful at valuing non Christian religions and respecting them.

53
Q

What are the criticisms of structural inclusivism?

A

Focus too much on grace, anonymous and invisible church are not biblical.

54
Q

What does Rahner say about the anonymous Christians?

A

Abraham, Moses, and Job never experienced Jesus, but they must have been saved. They don’t not call themselves Christians, but in their decisions they make and their attitudes, they are turning towards Christ without knowing it

55
Q

What does job say which supports restrictive inclusivism?

A

“I know that my redeemer lives and that in the end, he will stand on this earth”

56
Q

What does Von Balthasar criticise Rahner about?

A

Critic of the anonymous Christians. Argues the church should not go into hiding in the modern secular world, or present a watered down version of the Christian message. It should stand out and be courageous.

57
Q

What does pluralism argue?

A

Many different religious traditions can have value and lead their followers into salvation.
Generally argue that different religions share the same ultimate goal, the beliefs and practices associated with different religions because of human nature and the differences are only superficial

58
Q

What are the different types of pluralism?

A

Unitary theological pluralism
Pluriform theological pluralism
Ethical theological pluralism

59
Q

Who believes in unitary theological pluralism?

A

JOhn HIck

60
Q

Why does John Hick turn to pluralism?

A

He was an evangelical Christian, and firmly enlivened the truth in Christianity, and needed to convert others through Christ.
However, after visiting and working Birmingham, he was impressed by the faith and services of his fellow Sikhs and Hindus etc.
He noticed their commitment to friends and family and genuine kindness.

61
Q

What question did Hick raise?

A

Would the God of love really deny all these people of salvation?

62
Q

What is the “Copernican revolution”?

A

Something Hick decided,
Copernicus suggests a huge shift in the way scientists think and understand to universe by proposing the earth was not the centre but one of many planets orbiting the sun
Hick said this is what religion is like

63
Q

What were the 2 worlds according to Hick?

A

Noumenal world and the phenomenal world.

64
Q

What was the noumenal world according to Hick

A

World as they really are. Kant thought that the nature of god belonged here. We are not capable of knowing God as he really is because our minds are finite

65
Q

What is the phenomenal world?

A

World as it appears to us. Hick argues religion is a person, phenomenal attempt to understand Gd. All religions are human constructs, where we filter out understanding of god in accordance with own contexts.

66
Q

Why wasn’t Christianity the “truth” according to Hick?

A

It shouldn’t be undertook as the truth, because it has too many flaws. Just like all the other religions.

67
Q

Why does Hick think Christianity should be theocentric?

A

Revelation is from God not Christ. chirstainity should be theocentric focused on God, not christocentric (Jesus).

68
Q

What is the myth of jesus divinity?

A

the biggest block for relationships between Christianity and other religions is h belief of jesus as the incarnation.
Incarnation is a myth.
Compare to the Buddha, he started out as a teacher and was transformed into something bigger.

69
Q

What are criticisms of theological pluralism?

A

Isn’t Christian, as it does recognise sola christus principle.
Hicks unitary approach is a form of exclusivism. It claims privileged knowledge of what the real is and judges other religions.
Based on kants epistemology. Leads to agnosticism.

70
Q

What is pluriform pluralism?

A

Not one underlying ;real’ behind all religions, bu many ‘reals’ as experienced by each faith.
Therefore, each religion has its own particular authentic version of salvation, liberation or knowledge

71
Q

Who supports pluriform pluralism?

A

Keith Ward

72
Q

What does Keith ward think about pluralism?

A

Supports pluriform. Argues beliefs between religions can be different yet equally valid. Knowledge gained through religious experience not revelation. Not in competition for the truth.

73
Q

What example does Keith ward use for pluriform pluralism?

A

The Buddhist story of India’s net, which contains thousands of jewels which all reflect each other in infinitely brilliant ways

74
Q

What is ethical theological pluralism?

A

All religions share a soteriological aim of liberating humans from suffering, injustice, intolerance and falsehood.

75
Q

Who agrees with ethical pluralism?

A

Paul Knitter

76
Q

What does Paul knitter think about pluralism?

A

All religions are soteriocentric, not reality centred.

As religions each understand soteriological differently, inter faith dialogue can be especially creative and fruitful.

77
Q

What was knitter inspired by?

A

Liberation theology, the central idea of praxis and action.

78
Q

Strengths of pluralism

A

Christianity isn’t the only truth,and not the only means to salvation
Pluralists question i “jesus is the truth” is a statement of fact which is cognitive, or a symbol or myth

79
Q

Weaknesses of pluralism in general

A

Hicks approach is a for of exclusivism
Hick builds on kants points
ETP promotes imperialism
Knitter suggests religions are only interested in praxis and liberation

80
Q

Strengths of inclusivism

A

Universalism eschatological emphasis recognises Gods love for all.
Rahner structrual is Better than restictive as it shows value of Xn
Supports those born before Christ
Doesn’t limit human freedom

81
Q

What does Brendon Sweetman say about inclusivism?

A

Fluoride analogy.

If a town puts fluoride in water, results are the same for those who believes it and those who don’t .

82
Q

Criticisms of inclusivism

A

Undermines notion of unique truth
restrictive is no different form universal
Rahner made Christianity imperialist offensive
Rahner focuses too much on grace
Anonymous Christians and invisible church aren’t in he bible

83
Q

Strengths of exclusivism

A

Gives Christianity a reason
UAE more respectful of non-Christians.
Calvinism: humans are sinful so god doesnt have to sae them
Irrational to say more than one religion can be true (Hume)
Supported by bible “i am the way, the truth and the life”

84
Q

weaknesses of exclusivism

A

RAE has caused Christian imperialism, conflict and suffering.
RAE presents an unjust and unloving God
UAE lacks consistency, eg the Vatican II
Barths emphasis on unknowable gos lead to agnosticism

85
Q

What is the lumen Getium?

A

“No fault of their own do not know gospel”

86
Q

What does Matthew in the bible say about inclusivism

A

“Alturistic love is working for Christ”

87
Q

What does Raimon Panikkar say about pluralism?

A

Believes in openness rather than making claims to know “the truth”.
The mystery of the divine without destroying different cultural traditions

88
Q

What does William Craig think about exclusivism?

A

Interesting way to overcome difficulties with exclusivism. By making reference to the omniscience of God.
Gods perfect knowledge includes what is known as the middle knowledge, means god not only knows what’s it everyone’s heart, so he can judge them off that, but he also knows what they would have done if they were in DIFFERENT CIRCUMSTANCES.

89
Q

Raimon Panikkar

A

“I left Europe a Christian, I discovered i was hind and returned as a bug ghost without every having ceased to be a Christian.

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