Most liverworts are found in _________ or _________ climates.
Moist tropical and moist temperate
Phylum for liverworts
Hepatophyta or Marchantiophyta
Most liverworts are _________ (on the soil).
Terrestrial
Many liverworts are _________ (grow on top of another plant).
Epiphytic
Rarely, liverworts are _________ (freshwater).
Aquatic
Liverworts are small. Why?
Diffusion of gases and water
Liverworts are simple. What does this mean?
They have no vascular tissue
A simple plant is a what?
Thallus
A thallus consists of only what?
Parenchyma cells
All plants have the same _________, called _________.
Life cycle; alternation of generations
In the plant kingdom, there is a tendency to _________ the gametophyte and _________ the sporophyte.
Diminish; emphasize
Gametophyte in liverworts is _________. The _________ is temporary.
Dominant; sporophyte
List three characteristics of the gametophyte.
Long-living, photosynthetic, and independent plant
Sporophyte dependent on gametophyte for _________ and _________.
Water; carbohydrates
Haploid
Number of chromosomes in the nucleus of the cell is half the normal number
Diploid
Number of chromosomes is normal in the nucleus of the cell
Why is the gametophyte the “happy” plant?
It is sexual
Antheridium (1N)
Male sex organ that produces sperm
Antheridium has a _________, _________, and _________.
Sterile jacket; stalk; spermatogenous cells
Archegonium (1N)
Female sex organ that produces the egg
Archegonium has _________, _________, _________, and _________.
Neck; venter; egg; stalk
Product of fertilization is what?
A single, diploid cell
Monoecious
Condition where one plant bears both sexes; “one house”
Dioecious
Condition where one plant bears one sex and another plant bears the other sex; “two houses”
Some liverworts are called “leafy”. Why?
They have leaf-like lobes (the lobes are NOT leaves)
Thallus
Gametophyte body that has rhizoids
Rhizoids
Hair-like structures (not roots)
Non-vascular plants have no roots, stems or leaves because _________.
They lack vascular tissue
Roots have what tissues?
Xylem and phloem
Leaf
Photosynthetic organ with xylem and phloem
Growth in the liverworts is by _________.
1 apical meristematic cell
Meristematic cell
A cell that constantly divides (forever) to produce the plant body
Plants grow forever until they _________.
Die
What happens at pores?
Diffusion of carbon dioxide and oxygen
Fertilization in mosses is what?
Aquatic (water + swimming sperm)
The first diploid cell of sporophyte generation
Zygote
Zygote –> _________ –> _________ (sporophyte)
Embryo; mature plant
Antheridiophore
Structure that bears antheridia; part of the gametophyte
Foot (2N)
Structure that anchors the sporophtye on the gametophyte plant and absorbs water and carbohydrates
Seta or stalk (2N)
Structure that elevates the capsule
Capsule or sporangium (2N)
Structure that holds the spores
What cells produce sperm?
Spermatogenous cells
What two processes change chromosome number?
Fertilization and meiosis
What are the 2 processes to get from a zygote to an embryo?
Mitosis and cytokinesis
Mosses: why start with gametophyte?
It is green, photosynthetic, and prominent & dominant generation
Protonema
Thread-like stage of the gametophyte of mosses
“Leafy” gametophore
“Leafy” stage of the gametophyte of the mosses
Which gametophyte bears the sporophyte?
Female gametophyte
Sporophyte in peat moss is black because it is _________.
Non-photosynthetic
What do you know for sure about the gametophyte?
That it is female
What do you NOT know for sure about the gametophyte?
If it is also male/if it is a bisexual plant
Why do you want to elevate the capsule (sporangium)?
To disperse the spores
Marchantia (genus): why is there a short sets in the sporophtye?
The spores can be dispersed
If dioecious, half of the spores make _________ and the other half make _________.
Female gametophytes; male gametophytes
If monoecious, all of the spores give rise to what?
Bisexual plants
Anthoceros (genus) literally means what?
Flowering horn
Hornworts have _________ species
Monoecious
A hornwort’s sporophyte has what?
Foot and capsule
Hornworts have no seta because there is a _________, causing the capsule to grow forever.
Meristem
Hornwort spores give rise to what plants?
Bisexual