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Physiology > Physiology of Reproduction > Flashcards

Physiology of Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What determines genetic sex?

A

Chromosomes. XX or XY

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2
Q

What determines gonadal sex?

A

Testes or Ovaries

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3
Q

What determines genital sex?

A

External genitalia which is influenced by hormones

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4
Q

What is SRY?

A

Sex determining region of the Y chromosome

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5
Q

What is ovary development dependent upon?

A

The presence of TWO X chromosomes

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6
Q

What happens with the loss of a single X chromosome as in Turner’s syndrome?

A

Loss of one X chromosome results in ovarian dysgenesis but not loss of female ducts or genitalia

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7
Q

What occurs in meiosis I?

A

Chromosomes duplicate and exchange genetic material. Results in haploid numbers of duplicated chromosomes

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8
Q

What occurs in meiosis II?

A

Daughter cells have haploid (1N) chromosomes with the segregation of sex chromosomes providing a mechanism of sexual dimorphism.

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9
Q

What does sperm production require?

A

Reduced temperature

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10
Q

Is gonadal sex hormone dependent?

A

NO. It cannot be as the gonads make the hormones.

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11
Q

How is the decision for the progression to female genital structures made?

A

It occurs when there is no androgens present. Presence of androgens will influence male structure development.

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12
Q

What develops into seminiferous tubules, spermatogonia, sertoli cells, leydig cells?

A

Medulla

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13
Q

What develops into secondary sex cords, oogonia, theca cells, granulosa cells?

A

Cortex

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14
Q

What is the function of testosterone in regards to the ductal structures?

A

Keeps the Wolffian ducts

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15
Q

What is the function of AMH in regards to the ductal structures?

A

Degrades the Mullerian ducts

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16
Q

What happens if neither AMH nor testosterone are present?

A

The Mullerian ducts will remain and the Wolffian ducts will be lost resolution in a female.

17
Q

What is the function of TDF?

A

It directs the development of the testes

18
Q

What is the function of DHT?

A

It is more potent of an androgen than testosterone and it causes male genitalia development via androgen receptors.

19
Q

What is the function of 5alpha-reductase?

A

Converts testosterone to DHT

20
Q

What is the chromosome state of Turner’s Syndrome?

A

XO

21
Q

What are the gonads/ducts/genitals found in Turner’s syndrome?

A

No gonads (only streak)
Mullerian
NO Wolffian
External female genitals

22
Q

What is male pseudohermaphroditism?

A

Testes are present with external female genitals

23
Q

What is female pseudohermaphroditism?

A

Ovaries are present with external male genitals

24
Q

What causes male pseudohermaphroditism?

A

Androgen resistance

25
Q

What causes female pseudohermaphroditism?

A

Excess androgens

26
Q

What is the chromosome state found in androgen resistance?

A

XY

27
Q

What are the gonads/ducts/genitals found in androgen resistance (AKA testicular feminization)?

A

Testes
NO Mullerian
NO Wolffian
External female genitals

28
Q

What is the chromosome state found in 5alpha-hydroxylase deficiency?

A

XY

29
Q

What are the gonads/ducts/genitals found in 5alpha-hydroxylase deficiency?

A

Testes
NO Mullerian
Wolffian
External can be male/female or both

30
Q

What is the chromosome state found in Klinefelter’s Syndrome?

A

XXY

31
Q

What are the gonads/ducts/genitals found in Klinefelter’s Syndrome?

A

Dysgenic Testes
NO Mullerian
Wolffian
External male genitals

32
Q

What is the function of aromatase?

A

Converts testosterone into estrogen

33
Q

What is testosterone found as in the plasma?

A

45% is bound to SHBG (sex hormone binding globulin)
55% bound to albumin and corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG)
2% is free – biologically active and may diffuse into cells

34
Q

What does testosterone affect directly?

A

Differentiation of the epididymus and vas deferens

Larynx

Skeleton

Increases abdominal visceral fat

Increases muscle mass

Increases RBCs

35
Q

What does testosterone affect indirectly via E2/DHT?

A

Sperm production

Beard growth

Penis/scrotum development

Male pattern baldness

36
Q

What are some treatments for prostate cancer and how are they effective?

A

5alpha-reductase inhibitors as prostate tumors are often DHT dependent

Physiology (81 decks)

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