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board review part 1 > physiology: neurophysiology > Flashcards

physiology: neurophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

what makes up the neuron?

A 
Cell body
dendrites
axon hillock
axon
saltatory conduction (nodes of ranvier) if myelinated
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2
Q

what is an action potential do?

A

change in permeability of membrane

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3
Q

the resting state?

A

before AP begins
neg. on the inside
pos. on outside
membrane is polarized at -90 millivolts (mV) membrane potential

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4
Q

depolarization stage?

A

depole >ascending phase
influx of sodium by fac. diff makes inside more positive; -90 mV is immediately neutralized
threshold occurs at -55 mV & -50 mV

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5
Q

when Calcium is released?

A

it releases NT!!

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6
Q

repolarization stage?

A

occurs at 10,000 of a second
na+ channels begin to close and K+ channels open wider
rapid diffusion (efflux) of K+ to exterior- re-establishes normal negative resting membrane potential
Repole> descending phase

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7
Q

voltage-gated sodium channels?

A

two gates - one outside called activation gate
one inside called inactivation gate
at -70 to -50 mV activation gate flips open; na+ ions pour in. the inactivation gate will then slowly close; this will not open again until membrane potential is at or nearly at resting membrane potential.

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8
Q

Axodendritic synapses?

A

MC synapse from axon to dendrite

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9
Q

what are gap junctions?

A

tunnels to connect cytosol of 2 cells

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10
Q

chemical synapses?

A

close together but do not touch
synpatic cleft is space bwn- need NT
synaptic delay of 0.5 m/sec
one way transmission- only synaptic end bulbs of presynaptic neurons release NT

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11
Q

NE ttransmitter?

A

brain stem, hypothalamus, etc. excitatory

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12
Q

glutamate NT

A

CNS, cerebral cortex excitatory

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13
Q

nitric oxide NT?

A

brain excitatory

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14
Q

ACH ??

A

inhibitory; motor cortex

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15
Q

dopamine?

A

inhibitory; substantia nigra

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16
Q

Glycine?

A

inhibitory; spinal cord

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17
Q

GABA?

A

inhibitory; spinal cord, cerebellum, basal ganglia

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18
Q

serotonin?

A

inhibitory; brain stem

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19
Q

what is summation?

A

1,000-10,000 synapses recieved in CNS

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20
Q

spatial summation is?

A

buildup of NT released- several presynaptic bulbs

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21
Q

temporal summation is?

A

NT releases- single presynaptic bulb; fires 2x or more

rapid succession of AP with only a few synapses

22
Q

what are pain receptors?

A

nociceptors- free nerve endings; sense pain, tickle, itch, temp.
located greatest number: tongue, lip, genitalia, finger tips
least in number: upper arm, buttock, trunk

23
Q

mechanoreceptors sense?

A

pressure- end bulbs of krause
corpuscles of ruffini- pressure, temp, 2-5 degrees perception
both are encapsulated

24
Q

merkels discs?

A

general touch, hair follicles- not encapsulated

25
Q

meissners corpuscles?

A

fine touch, nonhairy skin, encapsulated

26
Q

pacinians corpuscles?

A

pressure, vibration, encapsulated “phasic receptor”

27
Q

muscle spindles?

A

detect stretch- dynamic & staic only in skeletal muscle

28
Q

GTO?

A

load or weight

29
Q

golgi tendon reflex?

A

prevents excessive tension in a muscle

30
Q

Sympathetic has what affect on the body??

A 
flight or fight
BV-vasoconstricts
HR- increases rate
Lung- deep breaths
Bronchi- dilates bronchi
Eyes- dilates
GI- decreases digestion & secretion
recpetors- Adrenergic
PREgang.- ACH- short
POSTgang.- EPI/NE- long
31
Q

Parasympathetic has what affect on the body?

A 
Rest & digest
BV- little to no effect
Muscle- yes
Heart- decreases rate
Lung- shallow breaths
Bronchi- constricts
GI- Increases secretions & bowel movement
Receptors- Cholinergic
PREgang.- ACH- long
POSTgang.- ACH- short
32
Q

what is absolute refractory?

A

NO A-P available

33
Q

what is Relative Refractory?

A

A-P available with increase in potential

34
Q

Influx of sodium means?

A

depolarization

35
Q

efflux of potassium means?

A

repolarization

36
Q

Somatosensory area is?

A

postcentral gyrus in the parietal lobe

37
Q

Visual sensory area is in?

A

occipital lobe, striate cortex, calcarine fissure

38
Q

Auditory sensory area is in?

A

superior temporal lobe, Heschl’s gyrus

39
Q

Gustatory (taste) sensory area is in?

A

base of postcentral gryus

40
Q

Olfactory sensory area is in?

A

medial temporal lobe

41
Q

wernickes is?

A

the recepetive portion of language in the Superior Temporal Lobe

42
Q

Motor area is in?

A

Precentral gyrus in the frontal lobe

43
Q

premotor area is in?

A

skilled movements- anterior to motor cortex

44
Q

Brocas area is in?

A

Expressive portion of language- inferior posterior frontal lobe.

45
Q

where does Coordination of muscle contractions take place? clinical?

A 
Cerebellum- 
SIN
Staccato/Slurred speech
Intention tremor
Nystagmus
46
Q

where is Crude sensation relayed?

A

Thalamus- main relay bwn cortex & spinal cord

47
Q

What does the hypothalamus control?

A 
ANS & endocrine system
body temp., food intake, thirst
rage & aggression
maintains waking state & sleep
releases somatstatin- inc. insulin & glucagon
48
Q

what does the Limbic system do?

A

emotional aspects of behavior related to survival

including the: Fornix, Hippocampus, cingulate gyrus, Amygdala, Parahippocampal gyrus & parts of the thalamus

49
Q

what does the superior colliculi do?

A

coordinates the eyeball movement in response to visual stimuli
located in the midbrain

50
Q

what does the inferior collicul do?

A

coordinates head & trunk to auditory stimuli
Located in the midbrain
CN III,IV
EAR

51
Q

where is breathing associated with? Pons or medulla?

A

Pons
Pneumotaxic & apneustic centers located here
CN V, VI, VII, VIII

52
Q

which area functions in consciousness & arousal?

A

Medulla- reticular formation
Vital reflex centers regulate HB, breathing, & BV diameter
Coordinates- swallowing, vomiting, coughing, sneezing, & hiccuping.
Vestibular nuclei- maintain equilibrium
CN VIII, IX, X, XI, XII

board review part 1 (30 decks)

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