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Flashcards in physiology extra stuff Deck (29)
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1
Q

which mechanoreceptor is unencapsulated, large, slow adapting, type 1 and is located in the upper skin layers on areas with hair?

A

merkel’s discs

2
Q

when a fiber is unencapsulated what does that do to its function?

A

unencapsulated allows for a sustained response

Merkel’s discs are unencapsulated

3
Q

what is the function of Merkel’s discs?

A

pressure and texture
tactile sensation, light discriminate touch

allow finger tips to feel detailed surface patterns

4
Q

what is the difference between type 1 and type 2 receptors?

A

type 1 have a small receptive field so they are more fine tuned

type 2 have large receptive fields with sustained response but less to do with perception; ruffini and stretch

5
Q

which mechanoreceptor is fast adapting, encapsulated and located in highly sensitive areas like finger tips and lips?

A

meissner’s corpuscles

6
Q

what is the function of meissner’s corpuscles?

A

tactile corpuscle, sensitive to shape and textural changes and discriminate touch as well as low frequency vibration

do not detect pain, only know that a stimulus is there

7
Q

what is the difference between merkels and meissners

A

meissners detect changes in texture and vibration and are FAST

merkels detect sustained touch and pressure and are SLOW

8
Q

what type of mechanoreceptor is deeper in the skin, encapsulated and slower; bulbous corpuscles?

A

ruffini endings

9
Q

what is the function of ruffini endings?

A

detect tension deep in the skin- allow for grip or movement
thermoreceptor for warmth
proprioception and kinesthesia (movement awareness)

10
Q

what type of mechanoreceptor is deeper in the skin, rapid and encapsulated?

A

pacinian corpuscles

11
Q

what is the function of pacinian corpuscles?

A

high frequency vibration and pressure- detect surface structure (rough vs smooth)

deep pressure

12
Q

what are bulboid corpuscle/krause end bulbs function?

A

thermoreceptors sensing cold

touch and pressure

13
Q

which nociceptor is a myelinated fast responder with a small field for precise localized pain?

A

a-delta fibers

14
Q

which nociceptor is unmyelinated, slow and with a large field for broad pain?

A

C fibers

15
Q

which tract is responsible for pain and where is it located?

A

tract of lissauer

Rexed lamina I and II

16
Q

what tract are merkel’s discs involved in?

A

anterior spinothalamic- light touch and pressure

17
Q

what tracts are meissner’s involved with?

A

dorsal columns- gracilis and cuneatus

18
Q

what area of the brain is responsible for speech production?

A

Broca’s area- Broadmann 44 and 45

19
Q

what area is responsible for comprehension of spoken and written word?

A

Wernicke’s area- Broadmann 22

20
Q

which broadmann area is the primary motor cortex?

A

4- origin of corticospinal tracts

21
Q

what are broadmann areas 41 and 42?

A

primary auditory cortex

22
Q

what is broadmann area 17?

A

primary visual cortex

23
Q

what lobe is the primary somatosensory involved in spatial sense, proprioception, touch and language processing?

A

parietal lobe

24
Q

which lobe contains the dopamine system involved in reward, attention, short term memory, planning and motivation?

A

frontal lobe

25
Q

which lobe is responsible for retention of visual memory, language comprehension and emotion association?

A

temporal lobe

26
Q

which steroid hormone acts as a growth hormone for reproductive organs, lining of vagina, important for maintaining oocytes on ovaries and also prevent apoptosis of sperm cells in males?

A

estradiol

27
Q

what can estradiol be converted into in males?

A

testosterone

28
Q

what is the most potent and prevalent endogenous estrogen, aka active estrogen?

A

estradiol

29
Q

what are the differences in estradiol, estrone and estriol?

A

estradiol E1- strongest and active; present throughout

estrone E2-MENOPAUSE weaker, can be converted into estradiol-precursor; belly fat

estriol E3- placental estrogen, pregnancy