False consensus effect
The tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors (#10)
Feature detector cells: Hubel/Wisel’s
Never cells in the brain that respond to specific features of stimulus, such as shape, movement, or angle (#10)
Feral children
A human child who has lived isolated from human contact from a very young age where they have little or no experience of human care, behavior, or of human language (#10)
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by pregnant woman’s heavy drinking (#10)
Figure-ground phenomenon
The organization of visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground) (#10)
Fluid intelligence
Our ability to reason speedily and abstractly: tends to decrease during late adulthood (#10)
Flynn effect
Younger generations are getting smarter by 10 points per generation (#10)
Foot-in-the-door
The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request (#10)
Foveal vision
Sharp central vision that the fovea is responsible for; visual acuity is best in Fovea (#10)
Framing
The way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements (#10)
Free association
I’m psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing (#10)
Frequency polygon
A graphical device for understanding shapes of distributions (#10)
Frequency theory
In hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense pitch (#10)
Freud’s psychosexual stages & critiques
Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital
-development is lifelong, it overestimates parental influence, after the fact explanation (#10)
Frustration-aggression hyp
The principle that frustration-the blocking of attempt to achieve some goal-creates anger, which can generate aggression (#10)
Functional fixedness
A cognitive bias that limits a person using an object only in the way it is traditionally used (#10)
Functionalism
The theory that all aspects of a society serve a function and are necessary for the survival of that society (#10)
Fundamental attribution error
The tendency for observers, when analyzing another’s behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition (#10)
Galton’s eugenics
A philosophy and a political movement that encouraged biologically superior people to interbreed and sought to discourage biologically inferior people from having offspring (#10)
Ganzfeld procedure
Laboratory procedure used to test powers of extrasensory perception by reducing the distractions of other sensory information (#10)
Erickson’s psychosocial development stages + critiques
The Awesome Iguana Could Import Icy Green Icepops (mnemonic)
Trust vs. mistrust Initiative vs. guilt Competence vs. inferiority Identity vs. role confusion Intimacy vs. isolation Generativity vs. stagnation Integrity vs. despair (#9)
Ethics of Testing Humans (aka APA guidelines)
1) Consent
An ethical principle that research participants must be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate (#9)
Ethics of Testing Humans (aka APA guidelines)
2)Confidential
Keeping Information about individual participants from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, modification, loss or theft (#9)
Ethics of Testing Humans (aka APA guidelines)
3)Debrief
The play experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants (#9)
Ethics of Testing Humans (aka APA guidelines)
4)No Harm
Protect the participants from pain and discomfort (#9)
Enthocentrism
A tendency to use your own culture as the standard by which to judge and evaluate other cultures (#9)
Expectancy theory
People choose to behave in certain ways because they are motivated by the results (or in most cases, rewards) they expect to get from those choices (#9)
Extinction
The diminishing of a conditioned response. Occurs in operant conditioning when a response stops being reinforced. Occurs in CC when the US doesn’t follow a CS (#9)
Extrovert
A person concerned primarily with the physical and social environment. Characterized as sociable, fun-loving, affectionate (#9)
Eye parts-
Lens
The transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina (#9)
Eye parts-
Iris
A ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye and controls the size of the pupil opening (#9)
Eye parts-
Pupil
The adjustable opening in the center of the eye thru which light enters. (Eye opening) (#9)
Eye parts-
Retina Cones, Rods
Rods- retinal receptors that detect black, white and gray (good for twilight vision)
Cones- Retinal receptors that give rise to color sensations (function well in daylight)
(#9)
Eye parts-
Bipolar cells
Part of the retina whose job is to transmit signals from the photoreceptors to ganglion cells (#9)
Eye parts-
Ganglion cells
Part of retina who receives visual info from photoreceptors via bipolar cells and retina amacrine cells (#9)
Facial feedback theory
The theory that facial muscle states trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness (#9)
Factor analysis
A statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person’s total score (#9)
Drive
Makes you want with an aroused tension state for a need (#8)
Auditory canal
Location: connects the pinna and eardrum
Function: this tube transmits sound to the eardrum
(#8)
Eardrum
Location: middle ear
Function: vibrates the tiny bones in car
(#8)
Ossicles (hammer, anvil, stirrup)
Location: Middle ear
Function: concentrate vibrations of eardrum
(#8)
Cochlea
Location: inner ear
Function: trigger neural impulses
(#8)
Auditory nerve
Location: ear-brain
Function: send neural messages (via thalamus) to auditory cortex (temporal lobe) (#8)
Echoic memory
A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds (#8)
Ego
Our consciousness of personality
Operates on reality principle) (#8
Eidetic memory
Photographic memory (#8)
Elaborative rehearsal
Better for long-term; to remember info (#8)
Electroconvulsive therapy
Brief electric current in brain (for depression) (#8)
Encoding failure
We don’t remember/forget (#8)
Pituitary gland
Endocrine system’s most influential gland; under the influence of the hypothalamus, regulates growth and controls other glands.
Organs: base of brain (ex-hypothalamus)
Hormones: controls other hormone secreting glands (master gland)
(#8)
Thyroid gland
Organs: influences heart, brain, liver, kidneys, and skin (below Adam’s apple)
Hormones: thyroxine
(#8)
Adrenal glands
A pair of endocrine glands that sit above kidneys and secrete hormones to arouse body in times of stress
Organs: kidneys and pancreas
Hormones: epinephrine and norepinephrine
(#8)
Pancreas
Regulates levels of sugar in the blood
Organs: behind stomach with liver, spleen, and small intestine surrounding
Hormones: insulin, glucagon, etc.
(#8)
Endorphins
“Morphine within”; natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure (#8)
Epigenetics
The study of Influences on gene expression without a DNA change (#8)
Episodic memory
Collect past experiences at time/place
Flashbulb memory
A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event (#8)
Equity theory of relationships
A condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it (#8)