Perception, Prejudice, and Bias

Question 1

Attribution Theory

Answer 1

The tendency for individuals to infer the causes of other people

Question 2

Fundamental Attribution Error

Answer 2

The bias towards making dispositional rather than situational attributions in regard to the actions of others

Question 3

Optimism Bias

Answer 3

The belief that bad things happen to others, but not us

Question 4

Covariation Model

Answer 4

Three things to look for to see if something is due to internal factors – consistency, consensus, and distinctiveness

Question 5

Self Serving Bias

Answer 5

The tendency for individuals to view their own successes as being based on internal factors and their own failures as due to external factors

Question 6

Actor-Observer Bias

Answer 6

We tend to blame our actions on external factors and other people’s factors on internal factors

Question 7

Individualist Cultures

Answer 7

Western; attributes success to internal factors and failure to external factors

Question 8

Collectivist Cultures

Answer 8

Eastern; attributes success to external factors and failure to internal factors

Question 9

Stereotype

Answer 9

A thought, cognition, or belief that is attributed to a certain group of individuals

Question 10

Stereotype Threat

Answer 10

Self-Fulfilling Fear that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype

Question 11

Self Fulfilling Prophecy

Answer 11

Thoughts and beliefs can lead to actions or conditions that confirm those thoughts and beliefs

Question 12

Prejudice

Answer 12

An attitude or emotion toward a group of people prior to an actual experience

Question 13

Discrimination

Answer 13

The resulting behavior of stereotyping and prejudice that treats a group of people differently

Question 14

Scapegoats

Answer 14

A group of people towards whom aggression is directed

Question 15

Authoritarian Personality

Answer 15

A personality in which a person is obedient to superiors but is oppressive and unsympathetic to those deemed inferior

Question 16

Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis

Answer 16

Frustration leads to prejudice, which leads to aggression. This aggression is taken out on scapegoats

Question 17

Hypothesis of Relative Deprivation

Answer 17

An upsurge in prejudice or discrimination is caused by a deprivation in what someone believes they are entitled to

Question 18

Social Stigma

Answer 18

Social disapproval of a person based on perceived social characteristics

Question 19

Self Stigma

Answer 19

A person individualizes the social stigma, prejudice, stereotype, etc.

Question 20

Social Circles

Answer 20

Media => Society => Family => Self

There is a bidirectional relationship between all of these

Question 21

Primacy Bias

Answer 21

First impressions are strong, long, and easily built on; they are more important than later data

Question 22

Recency Bias

Answer 22

Your most recent activities are most important in people’s perception of you

Question 23

Halo Effect

Answer 23

Judgments of an individual’s character can be affected by the overall impression of the individual
Usually, halo effect is a positive impression. Reverse halo effect is usually a negative impression

Question 24

Physical Attractiveness Stereotype

Answer 24

A form of the halo effect where we perceive good-looking people as having more positive personality traits

Question 25

Ethnocentricism

Answer 25

Judging another culture from the standpoint of your own

Question 26

Cultural Relativity

Answer 26

Judging another culture from the standpoint of that culture

Question 27

In group

Answer 27

A group that we identify with

Question 28

Out group

Answer 28

A group that we do not identify with

Question 29

Group Favortism

Answer 29

We tend to favor people from our own group, but we are neutral to members of outgroups

Question 30

Out Group Derogation

Answer 30

We are super friendly to members of our in groups but not friendly to those of our out groups

Question 31

Group Polarization

Answer 31

Groups make more extreme choices than any individual member of that group

Question 32

Xenocentricism

Answer 32

Judging another culture as superior to your own culture