Pathology of Hypertension Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Pathology of Hypertension Deck (29)
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1
Q

Definition of hypertension?

A

Disorder in which the level of sustained arterial pressure is higher than expected for the age, sex and race of the individual

2
Q

What does WHO accept as a high level of blood pressure?

A

>140/90 mmHg

3
Q

White coat hypertension?

A

High blood pressure at the Doctors office that returns to a normal level in other environments like home. Thought to be caused by stress of seeing doctor or could be indicative of future long term problems.

4
Q

Labile Hypertension?

A

Unexpected changes in blood pressure

5
Q

What does hypertension cause?

A

Cardiac failure

6
Q

What is hypertension a risk for?

A

Atheroma Renal failure Cerebral haemorrhage Sudden cardiac failure

7
Q

Brief epidemiology of Hypertension?

A

Varies between countries Higher in back population Lower in south pacific Familial tendency Rises with age

8
Q

Classification of hypertension in respect to A) Aetiology B) Clinicopathology

A

A) Primary or secondary B) Benign or malignant

9
Q

Equation for BP

A

Cardiac output x peripheral resistance

10
Q

Factors to consider for cardiac output?

A

Heart Rate Contractility Blood volume

11
Q

Factors to consider for peripheral resistance?

A

Constrictors (Angiotensin 2, catecholamines) Dilators (Nitric oxide, prostoglandins

12
Q

Most common type of hypertension?

A

Primary hypertension

13
Q

Primary hypertension?

A

No obvious cause Due to genetic factors Salt intake Protein intake RAAS

14
Q

What does an increase in dietary salt lead to?

A

Increased BP

15
Q

Salt sensitive hypertension?

A

It is some cases of primary hypertension Controlled by reduced dietary salt In renal diseases secondary hypertension is usually salt sensitive

16
Q

Underlying diseases with secondary hypertension?

A

Renal disease Endocrine Aortic Renal artery stenosis Drug therapy

17
Q

Why renal diseases are associated with secondary hypertension?

A

Reduced renal blood flow Excess renin release Salt and water overload

18
Q

Endocrine causes of secondary hypertension?

A

Adrenal gland hyperfunction Conn’s syndrome- XS aldosterone Cushing’s syndrome- XS corticosteroid Phaeochromocytoma- XS noradrenaline

19
Q

Benign hypertension is not a cause of serious life threatening morbidity. True or False?

A

FALSE. Cause of serious life threatening morbidity

20
Q

What does benign hypertension eventually cause?

A

Left ventricular hypertrophy Congestive cardiac failure Increases atheroma Increases aortic aneurysm rupture Renal disease Aortic dissection

21
Q

Hypertension and the heart?

A

Left ventricular hypertrophy -Increased LV load -Poor perfusion -Interstitial fibrosis -Micro-infarcts -Diastolic dysfunction

22
Q

Outcomes of left ventricular hypertrophy?

A

Sudden cardiac death

Cardiac failure

23
Q

Hypersensitive heart picture

A
24
Q

Whats this?

A

Complicated atheroma

25
Q

What doubles the risk of MI?

A

Every 10mmHg of diastolic pressure above 85mmHg

26
Q

Every _mmHg of diastolic pressure above __ doubles risk of _____.

A

8mmHg

85

Stroke

27
Q

Malignant hypertension?

A

Serious life threatening condition- Rare

Diastolic pressure >130-140

Can develop from benign primary or secondary

Needs to be treated urgently

28
Q

What does malignant hypertension cause?

A

Cerebral oedema

Acute renal failure

Acute heart failure

Headache and cerebral haemorrhage

Blood vessels show fibrinoid necrosis and endarteritis proliferans of their walls

29
Q

Hypertension is usually asymptomatic? True or False?

A

True