You have a young piglet with diarrhea. Upon histological examination of the intestines, you notice severe villous atrophy (blunting) and fusion.
What should be at the top of your differential list?
Transmissible Gastroenteritis (TGE)
T/F: Palatoschisis is failure of fusion of the lip
False
Palatoschisis** is failure of fusion of the palatine shelves.**
Cheiloschisis is failure of fusion of the lip
What is this condition called?
Palatoschisis (“cleft palate”)
In palatoschisis there is a central
defect in the midline fusion of the palatine shelves resulting in communication between the oral and nasal cavity
Which virus is responsible for Vesicular Exanthema of Swine?
Calicivirus
Vesicular exanthema of swine is reportable
“Calf Diphtheria” is usually the end-stage of stomatitis complicated by infection with which bacterial organism?
Fusobacterium necrophorum
Fusobacterium necrophorum is a Gram-negative anaerobe that produces necrotizing toxins
Etiology?
Fusobacterium necrophorum
This is oral necrobacillosis, aka “Calf Diphtheria”
T/F: Vesicular Stomatitis occurs in ruminants, swine, and equines
True
What is the most common malignant neoplasm of the oral cavity of cats?
Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC)
Out of all of the species affected by Foot and Mouth, which species has the most severe lesions?
Pigs
Tumors of the periodontal ligament-type stroma are referred to as:
Epulis
This abnormality is most common in large deep-chested breeds of dogs
Gastric Dilation-Volvulus (GDV)
This proliferative ileitis in a pig is caused by:
Lawsonia intracellularis
When trimming tissue for histopathologic examination, what is the ideal thickness of the tissue?
~3mm
**or less than the thickness of the cassette
Which organism is responsible for Thrush?
Candida albicans
often observed in young animals treated with antibiotics for long periods of time, or animals with underlying debilitating diseases
________________ (pictured) is a potential sequela of salmonellosis
Embolic mycotic pneumonia
In sheep and cattle: if you see emphysema of the wall of the stomach with severe hemorrhage of the mucosa, what might you be thinking?
Braxy
Braxy is caused by infection with Clostridium septicum
Name the toxin produced by E. coli that causes endothelial cell injury in arterioles resulting in fluid loss and edema:
**Verotoxin **(or Shiga-like toxin)
Shortening of the lower jaw is referred to as:
Brachygnathia
This inflammation in cows is commonly a result of grain overload:
Chemical rumenitis
What is this and what is it indicative of?
Splendore-Hoeppli phenomenon
Indicative of Actinobacillus ligniersii
T/F: Oral melanomas are most common in dogs, but around 90% of oral melanomas are benign
False.
Oral melanomas are most common in dogs, but ~90% of oral melanomas in dogs are malignant
In dogs, where do we find the primary lesions associated with parvovirus enteritis?
What about in cats?
Dogs: main lesions are in the intestines
Cats: main lesions are in the bone marrow
What is the most common segmental anomaly of the intestine of domestic animals?
Atresia coli
Atresia is complete occlusion.obliteration of the intestinal lumen
This pyogranulomatous colic lymphadenitis in a foal is caused by which organism?
Rhodococcus equi
What is going on with this FeLV-positive cat?
Lymphoplasmacytic gingivitis, stomatitis
If you look at the inflammatory infiltrate, it is mostly comprised of lymphocytes. Additionally, this condition is often associated with FeLV or FIV
What is going on with this cat?
Rodent Ulcer, or Feline Eosinophilic Granuloma
What is the most common malignant neoplasm of the oral cavity of dogs?
Oral melanoma
Braxy is caused by which organism?
Clostridium septicum
The protrusion of an organ or part of an organ/tissue through an abnormal opening is known as:
Hernia
A central defect in the midline fusion of the palatine shelves resulting in communication between the oral and nasal cavity is known as:
palatoschisis
Peyer’s Patch necrosis in cattle is most often associated with which disease?
Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD) - Mucosal Form
Peyer’s patch necrosis is seen with the most severe form of the disease (mucosal disease)
The most reliable post-mortem indicator of ante-mortem bloat in cattle is:
bloat line
These crater ulcers, found in the colon of a foal, are indicative of:
Rhodococcus equi
This fibro-necrotizing enterocolitis in a horse is most likely caused by:
Salmonella
What’s going on in this older dog?
Chronic ulcerative (lymphoplasmacytic) paradental stomatitis
This endothelial cell injury in arterioles that led to fluid loss and edema is a result of which bacterial organism?
E. coli
This is enterotoxemic colibacillosis, most common in pigs a few weeks after weaning
Loss of tooth structure caused by mastication is referred to as:
Dental attrition
T/F: Cutaneous mast-cell tumors in dogs may lead to gastric ulceration
True
It’s true
What is going on with this pig?
Vesicular exanthema (calicivirus)
Congenital megaesophagus is most commonly a result of:
Persistent Right Aortic Arch (PRAA)
(right 4th aortic arch) aorta, pulmonary artery, and ductus arteriosus form a ring around trachea and esophagus preventing full dilation
T/F: This nasty rectal stricture in a pig could be the result of infection by Salmonella
True
This rectal stricture was seen in a pig with chronic salmonellosis (Salmonella typhimurium)
T/F: Megaesophagus can be acquired
True
Megaesophagus is most commonly acquired in dogs. It can be idiopathic or a manifestation of myasthenia gravis
Clostridial enterotoxemia is caused by:
Clostridium perfringens types A through E
Type D is most common. C. perfringens type D produces an angiotoxin (epsilon toxin) which in addition to intestinal lesions causes focal symmetrical encephalomalacia (FSE) in sheep.
T/F: Foot and Mouth Disease occurs in ruminants, swine, and equines
False
FMD occurs in ruminants and pigs, but not horses!
In which layer of epidermis will we observe ballooning degeneration associated with vesicular stomatitis?
Stratum spinosum
What is the most common neoplasm in cats?
Lymphosarcoma
LSA is the most common neoplasm in cats and the alimentary form of lymphosarcoma has the highest incidence in cats
What is the etiology of this condition in a cat?
Feline calicivirus
Most likely diagnosis in this cat?
Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC)
If somebody said “damn, that cow is fat,” your response to them would be “no, that’s not fat. That cow has ____________”
Ruminal tympany or bloat
Over-distention of the rumen and reticulum by gases produced during fermentation
Traumatic reticuloperitonitis is also known as:
Hardware Disease
In which type of abosmasal displacement do we observe higher mortality: Right-sided or left-sided?
Right-sided
Left-sided abomasal displacement is more common, but right-sided displacement is more fatal
These button ulcers in the intestine of a pig are indicative of:
Salmonellosis
By which virus is Transmissible Gastroenteritis (TGE) caused?
Coronavirus
Which parasite is known as the “barber pole worm?”
What is the biggest distinguishing factor for an animal infected with the barber-pole worm?
Haemonchus contortus
Haemonchus contortus feeds on blood and can cause anemia, hypoproteinemia, and bottle jaw
Protrusion of the lower jaw is referred to as:
Prognathia
What is this condition called?
Cheiloschisis
What is the most common gastric tumor of horses?
Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC)
**SCC is also the most common oral cavity tumor of cats**
Swine Dysentery is caused by:
Brachyspira hyodysenteriae
The disease affects mainly pigs 8-14 weeks old and is characterized by large bowel diarrhea with mucous and blood in the feces
What is going on with this dog? At what age are dogs typically most affected?
Canine oral papillomatosis
Usually affects animals younger than 1 year old
Myocardial necrosis, or Tiger Heart, is associated with which disease?
Foot and Mouth Disease
Etiology in a cow?
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis
Which bacterial organism is responsible for “Wooden Tongue” in cattle?
Actinobacillus lignieresii
What is the most likely diagnosis in this cat?
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)
What is the minimum formalin to tissue ratio for fixation of a sample?
10:1
Parvovirus enteritis in cats is caused by which virus?
Feline panleukopenia virus (FPV)
Main lesions are found in the bone marrow, but you may see lesions in the intestines as well
Abdominal displacement in dairy cows occurs most often when?
After parturition
Edema disease in pigs is caused by which bacterial organism?
E. Coli
This chronic (granulomatous) esophagitis in a dog was most likely caused by:
Spirocerca lupi
Chronic (granulomatous) esophagitis occasionally leads to neoplastic transformation; formation of sarcomatous lesions (mainly osteosarcoma and fibrosarcoma)
What is the etiological agent for **Contagious Echtyma **in sheep?
Parapoxvirus
**this is a zoonotic disease**
Most cases of gastric rupture in horses are due to:
Intestinal obstructions
leading to adynamic ileus
Vesicles in the oral cavity of felines are often the result of what type of viral infection?
Calicivirus
This is commonly seen in pigs that are fed finely-ground feed rations:
Gastric Ulceration